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, ң үң (ңң) ө үң ғ қ Coarctation of aorta - is a congenital narrowing of the aorta
- : ө ң , Tetralogy of Fallot - is congenital heart disease:

, , , , ққ ң қ, ң ңғ қ ғ (), ң қң ү ө үң қ. stenosis of pulmonary artery or valve, ventricular septal defect, dextroposed aorta overriding septal defect, hypertrophied right ventricle
- ү ү қ қ ү ұ ә ұ Overburden form of heart failure is caused by overload
- - → - ңғ ү үң ғ, ң ұ ң ү → Heterometric mechanism of contraction Frank-Starling law - increasing the length of myofibrils during diastole increases systole → tonogenous dilation
- ң қң ғ (ң ұғң ө) үң үң ғ Homeometric mechanism of contraction increase in myocardium tension without increase in length of myofibrils
- қ ө ғң қ ғ . The Bainbridgereflex, atrial reflex - is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.
- - ү ә ққ ң ү қ ң ң ң The Bezold- Jarisch reflex is arterioles dilation due to excitation of receptors located in atria and ventricles
- - ө ң ң ққ қ ө ү қ ң ң ң The Parin reflex is dilation of arteries of abdomen due to an increase in blood pressure within right ventricle at Pulmonary embolism

- қ ү ң қ Myocardial form of heart failure - occurs when there is primary myocardium damage
- қ Reflex Kitaeva - a reflex spasm
ү, ө of the pulmonary arterioles in
қ ғ response to increased pressure
ө in the left atrium
ң  
  қ  

.

1. : . / .. .. .. - .: -, 2 . 2013. -. 179-221, 168-179.

2. : / ...: -. -2010.-. 343-362

3. қ ..2010

4. V.Kumar, A. Abbas, J. C. Aster. Pathologic basis of disease/Elsevier.- 2015.- Ch.11-12

5. : : . . ... : ʳ, 2004. . 142-151, 162-168.

6. // . .. : . .., 2006. -C. 142-154; 165-179.

 

( )

. / .. .. . -, 2007. - . 306-323

 

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1. , , . Arterial hypertension, notion, types. қ , ү, ү ( ).

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堠 () 140/ 90 .. қ қ қ қң (Қ) ұқ 140/90 .. ғ ө. Arterial or systemic hypertension - is increase in arterial blood pressure (BP) more than 140/90 mm of Hg)
- ,  . ꠠ қ ғ үң қ қ қ қ қң ө . Primary arterial hypertension (essential hypertension, hypertonic disease) is disease at which increase in arterial blood pressure is not connected with primary organic damages of organs and systems
, , ꠠ қ қ қ қң ө ү, ү, ү ү қң ұ ө . Secondary arterial hypertension increase in blood pressure is a symptom of renal, endocrine or neural diseases
үꠠ қ Renal arterial hypertension.
. . үң There are congenital or
ә ү ғ acquired kidney disease
ࠠ ( (abnormal development of
( , қғ, glomerulonephritis,
, , pyelonephritis, etc..),
򠠠 蠠 .), ә ..) Accompanied by regional
қ circulation disorders
ұ (renovascular or
(䳠 renovascular hypertension)
( қ and lesions of the renal
) ә ү parenchyma (Renault
) ң parenchymal
қ or renoprival hypertension).
( (  
򳠠 қ  
). ) ү.  
ꠠ қ Arterial hypertension
𠠠 endocrine origin detected
ө: mainly in the following
젠 젠 , diseases:
: , - pheochromocytoma,
, primary aldosteronism
堠 ( ࠠ ә (Conn's syndrome), disease
), . and syndrome of Cushing,

-,   thyrotoxicosis
. . . ( , ) , ( 頠 ) - . қ . үң қң ө ә . 賠 қң ұғ ү қ . ғࠠ (ң , қ ) , қ ғ (қ ң қ қң ү ұ ) ү . Hemodynamic hypertension. Resulting from a change in the heart or major blood vessels. Most developing systolic hypertension with increasing pulse pressure. In some cases (coarctation of the aorta, nonspecific aortoarteriit) Hypertension is a regional, in the other (with the involvement in the pathological process pressosensitive vascular endothelial zones) - is systemic.
, 20 % / 90 . . . қ . қ қң қ/ә ә 20 %- ққ ө ғࠠ қ қң 90 . ғ. ө . Artery hypotension - lowering blood pressure by more than 20% of the original / normal values, or in absolute terms - less than 90 mm Hg. Art. systolic blood pressure.
- . 򠠠 頠 , ࠠ 蠠 ( ), 򠠠 . - қ . ү ө ң, ң ң ү ә ң ү, -қ ң (ң 󠠠 ұ󠠠 қ) , ң ә ң қ ө қ . Aldosterone, the main corticosteroid mineral hormone. Mineralocorticoid cause amplification of tubular reabsorption of sodium cations, anions of chlorine, and at the same time strengthen the tubular cations and potassium excretion increased hydrophilicity of tissue (water-holding ability of tissues) and promote the transition of the liquid sodium from the vascular tissue.
- . ү ү ң қ ң . ң қ ө , Cortisol - the hormone of the adrenal cortex. Cortisol at excess of its formation is observed sodium retention,


, ; 頠 . , . 堠 ң ұ, ә қ; ң қ. қ ң қ ә ү, . edema, and hypokalemia; formed a negative calcium balance. Cortisol potentiates the vasoconstrictor effect of other hormones, increases diuresis.
( . collapsus ) 蠠 , 񠠠 қ қңү ө ә ө ң ң қ қ ң ө ү қ ғ. Collapse (from the Latin collapsus -. Fallen) - a life- threatening condition characterized by a fall in blood pressure and deterioration of the blood supply to vital organs
( . shock , ѳ堠 өү Shock (from the English
) ң ә shock -. Impact, shock) - a
頠 , ә pathological process that
ү үң ө develops in response to
ң қң, stimuli, and is accompanied
қң, ң, by extraordinary progressive
ң ә қ violation of the vital
қң functions of the nervous
ү볠 ұ system, blood circulation,
頠 , ү қ ү. respiration, metabolism, and
, ,   other functions
   
   
21 Endothelin - vasoconstrictor
ққ peptide of 21 amino acids,
21 , ұ, қ қ plays a key role in the
ө ң homeostasis of the blood
. 10 қ қ vessels. It is 10 times more
砠 堠 , . potent than angiotensin II.
II. II қғ 10  
  .  
-II , -II Angiotensin-II - a hormone
қ , which causes
( қ қ ғ vasoconstriction (narrowing
), ә ү ү ң of blood vessels), increased
қ blood pressure and release
ң қғ of another hormone
ғ ә . aldosterone from the adrenal
  cortex in the bloodstream
򠠠 䳠 Nitric oxide or endothelial
қ vasodilator, synthesized in
, ң , the body from arginine with
ң ә the participation of oxygen
, ң and NADPH


ࠠ ң enzyme nitric oxide
қ synthase. Vascular
. . Қ endothelium uses nitrous
ң oxide as a signal
ғ ө қғ surrounding smooth muscle
񠠠 to relax, resulting in
ң ң vasodilation and increased
, , blood flow.
렠 қ ң  
. ң ә қ ғң  
  ұғ ә.  
2 қ Prostaglandin E2 is
2 ө released
, , endothelial cells, isolated
үң қң from microvessels
, қ cerebral interstitial layer
(Zusman, 1977) ә kidney cells (Zusman, 1977)
үң өң and epithelial cells of renal
(Zusman,1977) tubule forward, exerts
ғ, ө қ vasodilator effect on most
ң ә vessels.
, .  
   
   
.    

.

1. : . / .. .. .. - .: -, 2 . 2013. -. 179-221, 168-179.

2. : / ...: -. -2010.-. 343-362

3. қ ..2010

4. V.Kumar, A. Abbas, J. C. Aster. Pathologic basis of disease/Elsevier.- 2015.- Ch.11-12

 

5. : : . . ... : ʳ, 2004. . 142-151, 162-168.

6. // . .. : . .., 2006. -C. 142-154; 165-179.

 

6.2.7. ( )

. / .. .. . -, 2007. - . 306-323

 

. 3 .

:

, .


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1. , , . Heart failure, definition, classification. ү , қ, ( ).

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, , . ү үң ғ қ ә қ қ ғ . Heart failure - a condition in which the heart as a pump, does not provide the metabolic needs of the tissues and organs of the necessary amount of blood.
→ → 렠 ққ ү → қ 젠 ңң ө қң →өң Left ventricular heart failure → stagnation of blood in the veins of the pulmonary circulation → pulmonary edema
→ ⠠ 젠 → , , ң ққ ү → ү қ ң қң → қң , , ң ұғ Right ventricular heart failure → stagnation of blood in the systemic circulation → swellings on the legs, ascites, enlarged liver
(, үꠠ Cardiac asthma (dyspnea,
(ұғ, ү ұ paroxysmal nocturnal
) ) қ dyspnea) occurs as a result of
ң қ stagnation of blood in the
ә ө pulmonary circulation and the
頠 蠠 ә堠 ө development of pulmonary
. қ hypertension and interstitial
ә堠 . pulmonary edema.
қққ Manifested development of
  ө ө shortness of breath and cough
    without phlegm
Өң ү Pulmonary edema is a result
ң ү of the progression of cardiac
. . Ө asthma. Pulmonary
→ ө hypertension → extravasation
. ұқ ң of plasma into the lumen of
ғ. ө the alveoli. Manifested cough
қққ with frothy sputum
  ө . department
- - Myocardiodystrophy - a
ұ렠 ү group noncoronary
頠 , ң ә myocardial diseases arising
under the influence of
, ң қ noncardiac factors, which are
񠠠 ң the main manifestations of
metabolic and contractile
ө function of the heart muscle
ң  
  қң  
  ұ  

. үң қ қң ә ң ә ң қ қңң ұ Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by a significant increase in all the chambers of the heart and the violation of its systolic function.
頠 ࠠ 頠 . ꠠ 頠 ң қ қң ұ ү ң қ . ү ұқ қ ғ ә堠 ꠠ қ ғ . Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by severe myocardial hypertrophy with predominant violation of diastolic function. It refers to genetically caused diseases with autosomnodominantnym nature of inheritance and high penetrance
: 頠 . , 頠 . : қ ә堠 ң қ 䳠 . ң ң қ қң ұ . Restrictive cardiomyopathy combines two diseases: endomyocardial fibrosis and Fibroplastic parietal endocarditis Leffler. The main link of pathogenesis, is a violation of diastolic myocardial function.
- , 堠 ұқ ң ұқ қ ә Infective endocarditis - a disease resulting from infection in endocarditis
- , . 蠠 (, , ) ( , .). 𠠠 䠠 қ қғң ққ қ. ұққ (, , қ) ә堠 қ (ң 㳠 , қ ә ..) ө. Pericarditis - inflammation of the serous membranes, limiting the pericardial cavity. According to the etiology of pericarditis are divided into infectious (tuberculosis, bacterial, viral) and aseptic (myocardial Dressler pericarditis, uremic and others.).
, ү ұ렠 ң Cardiac tamponade - a pathological condition in

ң which there is accumulation
ұқ of fluid between the sheets of
, ү қ the pericardium, which leads
ғ, ұ ү to the impossibility of
қң қ adequate heart rate due to
үң compression of the heart
  cavities
  ү  
  ә.  

.

1. : . / .. .. .. - .: -, 2 . 2013. -. 179-221, 168-179.

2. : / ...: -. -2010.-. 343-362

3. қ ..2010

4. V.Kumar, A. Abbas, J. C. Aster. Pathologic basis of disease/Elsevier.- 2015.- Ch.11-12

 

5. : : . . ... : ʳ, 2004. . 142-151, 162-168.

6. // . .. : . .., 2006. -C. 142-154; 165-179.

 

. ( )

( )

. / .. .. . -, 2007. - . 306-323.


 

-2. .





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