* 1 4 (Hobstede G. Cultures Consequences International Differences in Work-Relatev values. L., New-Delhi, 1984. P. 79, 127, 158, 189).
1 .: . . . ., 1991; . . . ., 1991.
, XX .: , , : , . , , ... , , , , , XVII XVIII , ; , , , '. . , . , , , . .., ... . , 2.
3
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. ., 1982. . 23.
2 .. . - ., 1990. - . 133.
1 .: XIX . . ., 1991; Smith H.
Russian. N.Y., 1980; Smith H. New Russian. - L., 1990.
2 .: Billington J.H. The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretative History of Russian
Culture. - N.Y., 1980.
, , , , , , 1. , , , ( ) ( ) , , . - . -2.
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. . . , , , : ... , , . 3. , ..-4.
. - , . , ., 1905 ., : ... ... , " " (.) , - 5. . . - 6. -
1 .: .. . ., 1991. . 296303.
2 . . . 54.
3 . . // :
. - ., 1991.-. 225.
4 . . . . 331 334.
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. 1984. 2. . 64.
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. , , . , , : 2.
. ,
1 .: Weiher W.F. The Modernization of Turkey. From Ataturk to the Present
Day.- N.Y.; L., 1981.-P. 1-9.
2 .: Kinross L. Ataturk. - N.Y., 1977.
. , 噻1.
. - , , , , , . , , . 2. , - , , , 3.
, , , , 70 - . . , . .
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1960 1980 . , . , . , . 1950- .
' Weiher W.F. The Modelnization of Furke: From Ataturk to the Present Dau. P. 105.
2 .: Levis B. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford, 1961.
3 .: Mardin S. Ideology and Religion in the Turkish Revolution // Intern. Jour, of
Middle East Studies. - Vol. 2. - 3. - P. 197-211.
1.
. , , - ( ) , 2.
1980 1983 . , , , . , , , , .
1991 . 1983 ., .
, , , - . ( ), , , . , .
, . , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , . -
1 .: Local Government in Turkey. Covering Greater Istanbul / Ed. By Heper
M.L. -Ankara, 1989.
2 .: . : //
. 1993. 3. . 50.
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307
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487
187
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486 182 78 489
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() 500
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133
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262
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396
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131
243
............................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................. 21
I
..................................... 33
.......................................................................... 33
..................................................................................................... 39
............................................................................................................... 43
............................................ 46
............................. 54
........................................ 57
II
,
............................................................................................ 61
......................................................................................... 63
............................................................................................... 75
111
1. ........................................... 80
2. ......................................................................
.......................................... 111
................................................................. 112
.
............................................................
. .......................................... 115
............................................................................... 116
........................................................... 117
............................................................................... 118
.............................................................................................................. "9
.................................. 120
............................................................................... 121
...................................... 121
........................................................... 123
....................................................................... 123
......................................................................... 125
.............................................................................................................. 126
................................................................................................. 128
.............................................................................. 130
.............................. 130
............................................................................................. 133
........................................................................................................ 135
.......................................................... 136
....................................................................................................... 137
......................................................................................................... 138
.......................................... 140
,
.......................................... 142
............................................................................. 143
.................................................... 144
3. ............................................................................. 148
........................................................................................................ 148
...................................................................................................... 151
.................................................. 152
.............................................................................................. 154
.................................................... 155
.............................................................................................. 156
.......................................... 157
.................................................................................... 159
........................................................................ 160
.................................................................................. 162
.................................................................................................................. 163
....................................................................................................................... 165
......................................................................................................................... 166
.................................................................................................................... 167
IV
1. ................... 169
?.................................................................... 169
....................................................... 174
, ...................................................................... 182
, ................................................................................. 194
..................................................................... 200
2. ................................................. 206
?................................................................................... 208
.............................................................................................. 219
XIVXV ............................................................................ 228
XVI ...................................................... 234
3.
.............................................................. 243
...................................... 243
..................................................... 247
.......................................... 250
XVII ............................................................................................. 252
XVII ............................................................................ 254
XVII .................... 257
................... 262
XVII ........................... 266
4. XVIII XIX .................................... 278
................................................... 278
XIX ........................................................................ 293
5. ...................................................... 318
.............................................................................................. 326
(1816 1860)................................................................. 332
.................................................................................................. 341
XX ........................................................................................................................ 343
V
1. ..... 349
(XIVXVI .)............. 351
........................................................................... 351
...................................................................... 358
- (16501850 .)............................. 362
I. - .......................................... 367
..................................................................................... 373
................................................................................................ 378
2. ...................................................... 389
3. (XVIIIXIX .):
............................................................. 418
..................................................................... 419
XIX ...................................................... 426
4. XX ........................................................... 446
............................................................................... 447
: ................ 456
.................................................................................. 472
VI Ż
1. - .................. 481
.........................................................................................481
............................................................. 481
- ................................................................. 483
.................................................................................... 484
................................................................................................................ 486
.................................................................... 487
..................................................................................... 488
............................................................................... 489
..................................................................................................... 489
...................................................................................... 491
.............................................................................................. 497
.............................................................................. 499
............................................................................................ 500
................................................................................. 501
............................................................................................ 501
..................................................................................................... 505
............................................................................................................. 506
....................................................................................................... 506
..................................................................................... 508
.............................................................................................. 510
2. .................................................. 512
............................... 515
...................................................................................... 518
........................................................................................ 524
3. ........... 539
......................................... 547
............................................................ 547
.
.................................................................................... 549
................................................................................................. 551
............................................................................ 553
............................................................. 557
. .... 558
.......... 561
( )...................... 561
......................................................................................... 564
................................... 567
.......................................... 570
................................................................................. 570
............................................................................................... 572
- .......................................................... 574
................................................................................ 576
.