.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


IV. 7




, , , . , ; , . ( ) . , , , , , 1934 . , 1940 , , ( , ).

. ? ? , , , , [66]? XII () 1923 : , : , , , . , [67].

, , , , XVI . , , : , . , - . , .

' .., .. .. . . , : .., (.. ), .. ..ƭ, , , , [68].

, . [69]. 1943 , . , , . - , - [70].

40- , . : , , , , , , . - - : , , , . , 1985 .. .

, - , , , - : , . , , , . . - , . . , - : , 1930- , - 1950- ; , .

: , - , , . . , , . . , . , , . , : - , . . : !".

, , , : . , , , , , . , ; , ( , , , ). , , . , . : , XV . , , 1812 , , 1905 , - , 1917-1920 ., , , , . .

. , . , . - 1953 , 1956 1968 - 1989 (annus mirabilis).

. , ; - ; ; , . , , , , . , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , (, ), . , , , - , . : , , . - - .

- , - , ( ), , , , , , [71].

. . ., .

1. Hans Rogger, Origins of the "Russian menace". Meeting report, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, 7 December 1987.

2. : Albert Resis Russophobia and the "Testament" of Peter the Great, 1812-1980, Slavic Review 44 (1985). P.681-693. . : Boris Mouravieff, Le Testament de Pierre le Grand (Neuchatel: Baconniere, 1949), ( ): L. R. Lewitter, Testament apochryphe de Pierre le Grand, Polish Review 6 (1961). P.27-44.

3. , - Alexander von Humboldt, Asie centrale: recherches sur les chaines de montagnes et la climatologie Wrnparee, 3 vols. (Paris: Gide, 1843), - - , I. , - Karl Ritter, Di Erdkunde im Verhaltniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder sllgemeine vergleichende Geographic. 21 vols. (Berlin: Reimer, 1822-1859), - , , . , - Karl Ritter, Einleitung zur Igemeinen vergleichenden Geographic (Berlin: Reimer, 1852) . : Friedrich Ratzel, ohtische Geographic: oder die Geographic der Staaten, des Verkehres und des Krieges (Munchen: Oldenbourg. 1903) (. .12-13, 267 - .468); Friedrich Ratzel, Anthropogeographie (Stuttgart: Engelhorn, 1899). : Lucien Febvre, La terre et 1'evolution humaine (Paris: Renaissance du livre, 1922), . .1. ; . : George Kiss, Political Geography into Geopolitics, Geographical Review 32 (1942). P.632-645; Isaiah Bowman, Geography versus Geopolitics. ibid. P.646-658; Johannes Mattem, Geopolitik: Doctrine of National Self-Sufficiencv and Empire (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1943); Robert Strausz-Hupe. Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power (New York: Putnam's, 1942). P.27-47. - James M. Hunter, Perspective on Ratzel's Political Geography (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1983) - , .

4. Alfred T. Mahan, The Problem of Asia and Its Effects upon International Policies (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1900). P.56; Ellen Churchill Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, on the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropogeography (New York: Holt, 1911). P.127, 143, 188-189, 271; Halford MacKinder, The Geographical Pivot of History, Geographical Journal 23 (1904). P.263, Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Holt, 1919; - Norton, 1962). P.172. : . Halford MacKinder, The Rounding World and the Winning of Peace, Foreign Affairs 21 (1943). P.266-275. . : W.H.Parker, MacKinder - Geography as an Aid to Statecraft (Oxford:

Clarendon, 1982). P.49. . . : Isaiah Bowman, The New World: Problems in Political Geography (Yonkers, N.Y: World Book Co., 1921); Isaiah Bowman, Steppe and Forest in the Settlement of Southern Russia, Geographical Review 12 (1922). P.491-492. . , ., .: Geoffrey Martin, The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman (Hampden, Conn.: Archon, 1980). P. 195. . .: Ladis Kristof, The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics, Journal of Conflict Resolution 4 (1960). P.31-33; Robert D. Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations (New York):

Columbia University Press, 1984). P.115-121.

5. , . . Daniel Thorner, Marx on India and the Asiatic Mode of Production, Shaping of Modern India (New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 1980). P.355-370; Helene Carrere d'Encausse et Stuart Schram, Le Marxisme et 1'Asie (Paris: Armand Colin, 1965); Brian Turner, Marx and the End of Orientalism (London: Alien and Unwin, 1978); George Lichtheim, Marx and the Asiatic Mode of Production, St.Anthony's Papers 14 (1963). P.86-112; : Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957). : Paul Blackstock and Bert F. Hoselitz, eds. The Russian Menace to Europe (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1952), : , , , : Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works. 43 vols. (Moscow: International Publishers, 1975-1988). Vol.14. P.156-157; 164-165. [. .: // ., . . 2- . T.I 1. .202-208; // . .12. .614-619; // . .637-641; // . .22. . 11 -52; - // . .43. . 142-149; . - . - ... // . .150-154. - . .]. . : George Lichtheim, Imperialism (New York: Praeger, 1971). P.91-98.

6. Jiirgen Kuczynski, Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges und die deutsche Sozialdemokratie (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957). P.65-77, 86.

7. . , : . . M., 1993, . 4; Richard Pipes, Max Weber and Russia, World Politics 7 (1955). P.371-401. , , , Richard Pipes, Russia's Mission, America's Destiny: The Premises of United States and Soviet Foreign Policy, Encounter 35 (1970). P.3-11, 10 1972 , Operational Principles of Soviet Foreign Policy, Survey 19 (1973). P.41-61. . : Richard Pipes, Survival Is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).

8. J..Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire. 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1889). Vol.2. 392ff. 1923 ( ), 1931 , - 1958 . . : J..Bury, The Constitution of the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910); idem, A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (London: Macmillan, 1912). P.207; H.Gelzer, Das Verhaltnis von Staat und Kirche in Byzanz, Historische Zeitschrift 86 (1901). P.193-252 ( . .251-252). . : . // Seminarium Kondakovanium, Recueil d'etudes (Prague) 4 (1931). P.120-132. Thomas Masaryk. The Spirit of Russia. 2 vols. (London: Alien and Unwin. 1919). Vol.1. P.41, 64, 109, 167 ( - 1913 ; , 1903 .); .. . ymca-press, 1955. M., 1990. C.I 17-118.

9. Hans Kohn, Panslavism: Its History and Ideology (South Bend, Ind.: Noire Dame University Press, 1953); Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History. 12 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1934-1961). Vol.4. P.346, 377, 401-402; James Billington, The Icon and the Axe (New York: Knopf, 1966). P.48, 67-69, 74. 538:

Hannah Arendt, The Origins ofTotalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace. 1951):

Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956). P.60-67.

10. .. . 5- .: 4 ., 1903-1905. T.I. C.28-31.

11. Richard Hellie, Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovite Russia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970). P.78, 152.

12. Geroid . Robinson, Rural Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934). P. 130; Maurice Hindus,The Russian Peasant and the Revolution (New York: Holt, 1920). P.91-92.

13. James H. Bater and R. A. French, Studies in Russian Historical Geography. 2 vols. (London: Academic Press, 1983); .. XVI XVII . ., 1927, . 1 3; .. , 1549-1917. , 1924. . 5; R.E.F.Smith, Peasant Farming in Muscovy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). .160., R.E.F.Smith and David Christian, Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). P.59, 183, 187, 188; George V.Lantseff, Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest of the Russian Open Frontier to 1750 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973).

14. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Sian Reynolds, 2 vols. (New York: Harper, 1972), Vol.1. P.191-195. [. : . ? .1: . ., 1994. .232. - . .].

15. .. XVI . ., 1952. . 17, 24, 35-36.

16. .. . ., 1920. .6-8, 39.

17. A.M. XIX . ., 1975..149.

18. Franklin D. Hoizman, Foreign Trade under Central Planning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974). Part 4.

19. Douglas . Reading, The Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1734 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Herbert Kaplan, Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968). P.7-10, 36-41, 68-71.

20. . . . ., 1961. .71-97.

21. Alexandre Koyre, La philosophic et Ie probleme national en Russie au debut du XIX siecle (Paris: Vrm, 1929). Chap. 2.

22. Kendall E. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stali n (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978). Chaps.2, 3.

23. Joseph Berliner, The Innovative Decision in Soviet Industry (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976). P.517-518.

24. Moshe Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reforms (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1974).

25. Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (London: Oxford University press, 1940); idem, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London: Oxford University Press. 1962).

26. , . : The New Political Geography of Inner Asia. Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History. P. 165.

27. .. XVII . ., 1948. .416-420.

28. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds., Studies in Russian Historical Geography. 2 vols. (London: Academic Press, 1983); : Dennis J.B.Shaw, Southern Frontiers of Muscovy, 1550-1700, Studies in Russian Historical Geography. Vol.1. P.118-140; .. . ., 1927; .. : 2 . , 1886-1890.

29. .. . . 122. . : Robert E. Jones, Runaway Peasants and Russian Motives for the Partitions of Poland. Chap. 4.

30. : 3 . ., 1914. T.I. .492; Francois-Xavier Coquin, La Siberie: peuplement et immigration paysanne au XIX siecle (Paris: Institut des etudes slaves, 1969). Part 4. Chap. 2.

31. Salo W. Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1976). P.156-160, 387.

32. Alexander Nekrich, The Punished Peoples (New York: Norton, 1978); General Nicolae Radescu, Forced Labor in Romania (New York: Commission for Inquiry into Forced Labor, 1949). P.45-46; , : . 3- .: 30 . . 16. ., 1974. .429-430; Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of. Independence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). P.217-227.

33. Eugene Michael Kulischer, Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948).

34. Owen Lattimore. The New Political Geography of Inner Asia. P. 165-167.

35. Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York: Norton, 1967); .. 1914-1918 . // , 1914-1918.., 1968. . 108-120; James Morley, The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957); Ohata Tokushira. The Anti-Comintern Pact 1935-1939 James Morley, ed.. Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan. Germany, and the ussr, 1935-1940 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976); Norman Rich, Hitler's War Aims. 2 vols. (NewYork: Norton, 1973). Vol.1. Chap.2; Alexander Oallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945 (New York: St.Martin's, 1957); Jurgen 'orster, Das Unternehmen "Barbarossa" als Eroberungs- und Vernichtungs-Krieg, Horst Boog et al., eds., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. ^ols. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1983). Vol.4. P.413-450.

36. .. - , 1895-1907, 2- . ., 1955; Peter S.H.Tang. Russia and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931 (Durham. N..: Duke University Press 1959); David McDonald, Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and Change in the Formation of Russia's Foreign Policy (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1989); Edward Thaden. Russia and the Balkan Alliance of 1912 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965); Philip E. Mosely, Russian Policy in 1911-1912, Journal of Modern History 12(1940). P.69-86.

37. Alexander Dallin, ed., Russian Diplomacy and Eastern Europe, 1914-1917 (New York: King's Crown Press, 1963). : Alexander Dallin. The Future of Poland. P.l-77; Merritt Abrash, War Aims toward Austria-Hungria: The Czechoslovak Pivot. P.78-123; Gifford D. Malone, War Aims toward Germany. P.124-161.

38. .. - // / . ... , 1948. .227-249. , .





:


: 2016-11-18; !; : 492 |


:

:

, , .
==> ...

1633 - | 1318 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.036 .