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IV. 3




39. . .281.

40. , 20- , .: , .25896, .2, .11, .1-11, 41-43, 47-48, 94-95, 132-133, 145, 149; 1919 - 1920 . .: . .192, .2, .385, .2, 11, 17,27-28,38.

41. ( ), .-97, .1, .772, . 19-21 ( ). 1918 . : / . .., .. ... , 1994, .2. .158-160.

42., .25896, .2, . 11, .46, 98 ( 25 -10 10 - 25 1920 .).

43. , (., : Nicolas Werth, Une source inedite: Les svodki de la Tcheka-OGPU. P. 18; Marcus Wehner, "Die Lage vor Ort ist unbefriedigend": Die Informatsionsberichte des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes zur Lage der russischen Bauem (1921-1927). P.69), . 1918 . ( ) ( ) . , .. . . . .: .. - . .. 1987. .36-37. , 1922 , , ; .: // : . 1996. 1. .115-119.

44. ; . ; . : Alessandro Stanziani, Specialistes, bureaucrates et paysans: Les approvisionnements agricoles pendant la Premiere Guerre Mondiale, 1914-1917, Cahiers du Monde russe 36(1995). p 71-94; Alessandro Stanziani. Rationalite economique et rationalisation de la production en Russie. 1892-1930, Annales: Histoire. Sciences sociales, 1 (1996). P.215-239; Andrea Graziosi, G.L.Piatakov (1890-1937): A Mirror of Soviet History, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16, 1/2 (1992). P. 102-166; Mark von Hagen, The Great War and the Emergence of Modern Ukraine, Empire, Nations, Regions: Political Order and Change in the Former Soviet Space, ed. Richard Barnett ( ); Ronald G. Suny, Nation-Making, Nation-Breaking and the End of Empire: New Perspectives on the Events of 1915 (, 1 1996 .).

45. , , .: . 1914-1919 .: . ., 1928; ., . : . .;., 1929; ., - . . ., 1931; . 1914-1918 // . 1924. 43. .5-9; . . - // . 1925. 2. .72-75 ( ). - , Kriegswirtschaft, -.: . . .. 1918; .. - : , 1914-1918. ., 1929; . 1914-1918: . . .; ., 1929. . (John Maynard Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace) , 1922 , .; 1924 . - ( , ), .

46. , -". : Peter Kenez, The Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites (Berkeley, 1977). P.65-78: . : Viktor Bortnevskii, White Intelligence and Counter-intelligence during the Russian Civil War, Carl Beck Papers, 1108 (1995) . : // . 1993. 4. . 160-193: : // . 1991. 2. .339-347; 1919 . // . 1991. 1. .150-172.

47. - - 1918 . (. ), 1918 . , , .: , .856, .1, .73, . ( 5 - 17 1918 .).

48. .:

Peter Holquist, Conduct Merciless Mass Terror: Decossackization on the Don, 1919, Cahiers du Monde russe 38, 1-2 (1997). P.103-138. (Stanziani, Rationalite economique) -. .:

Keith Michael Baker, Introduction, Representation, The Political Culture of the Old Regime, ed. Keith Michael Baker (New York, 1986). P.XI-XXIV, 469-492.

49. , 14 1918. . ( ), , : : "" () "" ( ). . - . .341-342.

50. , .861, .1, .107, .52-62, 77, 80 ( , - 1919 .).

51. .: . // . 1921. 2. .45-58; -. // . 1925. 34. .206-221; , .861, .1, .107, .55 ( λ). .: . .342-343. , ; , . , .: Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain. P.226, 358. , , , .

52. -, , - ( [], 8 1919 .; [-. ], 15 1919.).

53. (Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State. p ^37.142) - . , , , (.58), (. - Yanni Kotsoms, Making Peasants Backwards).

54. - .: Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); - 1918 . ., 1919. .: Peter Kenez, The Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920. P.75-78 ( , , ); . .344-345. , , . : George Mosse, Nationalisation of the Masses. P. 10-11.

55. . .39456, .1, .60, - 1918 . (), .452, .1, . 14, 1919 .; , .861, .1, .107, 1919 .

56. - Wrangel Military Archive, Hoover Institution, box 38, folder 18 ( 118 - 1919 .).

57. . .452, .1, .14, .5 ( 31 1 1919 .). .: , .452, .1, .32, .9 ( 6 22 1919 .); , 18 1919 .; . .452, .1, .14, .19, 26 ( : 41 12 1919 . 44 16 1919 .); , .452, .1, .19, .21 ( 89 6- 18 1919 .); , 19 1919 .; , .861, .1, . 107, .89 ( 281 24 1919 .).

58. , .39456, .1, .60, .7; . 14.

59. , .452, .1, .32, . 18 ( 7 29 1919 .); . 20 1919 .: , .861. .1, .107, .115 ( 314 2 1920 .). , , . , (, , ) , ; .: Vladlen Izmozik, Voices from the Twenties. P.303-304.

60. , . , - , . , , . , , Gleichschaltung (Robert Gellately, Enforcing Racial Policy in Nazi Germany. P.45, 51). , - , .

61. Jean Tulard, Le "cabinet noir" de Napoleon, L'Histoire 32 (1991). P.81-83. , I III .: .. Bramstedt, Dictatorship and Political Police (1945; 2nd ed. - London. 1976). P.16-23, 38-47. (Sidney Monas, The Third Section), .

62. Alien Sekula, The Body and the Archive, October 39 (1986). P.3-64, . P.34-35. () . , . . Alien Sekula, The Body and the Archive; Carlo Ginzburg, Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes:

Clues and Scientific Method, History Workshop, 9 (1980). P.5-36.

63. Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War (Oxford, 1993). P.45; .: Wilhelm Deist, ed., Militar und Innenpolitik im Weltkrieg, 1914-1918, 2 vols. (Dusseldorf, 1970). Vol.1. P.295-297. Feldpostbriefe (, ) .: Bernd Ulrich, Feldpostbriefe im Ersten Weltkrieg: Bedeutung und Zensur, Kriegsalltag: Die Rekonstruktion des Kriegsalltags als Aufgabe der historischen Forschung, ed. Peter Knoch (Stuttgart, 1989). P.40-75; "Fine wahre Pest in der offentlichen Meinung": Zur Rolle von Feldpostbriefen wahrend des Ersten Weltkrieges und der Nachkriegzeit. Lernen aus dem Krieg? Deutsche Nachkriegszeiten, 1918 und 1945, ed. Gottfried Niedhart and Dieter Riesenberger (Munchen, 1992). .319-330; Peter Knoch, Erieben und Nacherleben: Das Kriegserlebnis im Augenzeugenbericht und im Geschichtsunterricht, Keiner fiihit sich hier mehr als Mensch...: Eriebnis und Wirkung des Ersten Weltkrieg. ed. Gerhard Hirshfeld et al. (Essen, 1993). P. 199-219; .: Manfred Hettling and Michael Jeismann, Der Weltkrieg als Epos: Philipp Witkops "Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten", Keiner funk sich hier mehr als Mensch.... P.175-198.

64. : Herbert Michaelis, ed., Ursachen und Folgen: Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatlischen Neuordnung Deutschlands. Vol.2. Der militarische Zusammenbruch und das Ende des Kaiserreichs (Berlin, ..). .300-304. .: O.Buchbender and R.Sterz, eds., Das Andere Gesictit des Krieges: Deutsche Feldpostbriefe, 1939-1945 (Munchen, 1982). P. 16-24.

65. Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People (Dover,N.H.,1985). P.217-218. . : P.J.Flood, France, 1914-1918: Public Opinion and the War Effort (New York, 1990). P. 147-200; J.N.Jeanneney, Les archives des commissions de controle postale aux armees (1916-1918), Revue histoire moderne et contemporaine 15 (1968). P.209-233; David Englander, The French Soldier, 1914-1918, French History 1 (1987). P.49-67. , opinion publique , , , - .

66. Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. P.236.

67. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory. P.47, 87, 175, 181-183.

68. Nicholas Hiley, Counter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War, English Historical Review 101 (1986). P.635-670; .640.

69. John Terraine, Impacts of War, 1914 and 1918 (London, 1970). P.170-176.

70. Jean-Jacques Becker, Voila le glas de nos gars qui sonne..., 1914-1918: L'autre front, ed. Patrick Fridenson (Paris, 1977); . : Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. P.125-131; P.J.Flood, France, 1914-1918. P.7-34.

71. Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. P.132-133, 195, 226.

72. Ibid. P.236.

73. David Englander, Military Intelligence and the Defense of the Realm: The Surveillance of Soldiers and Civilians in Britain during the First World War, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labor History 52 (1987). P.24-32: .24, 28. , -, , , , , (.31). , , . . : Nicholas Hiley. Counter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain. P.656; Nicholas Hiley. British Internal Security in Wartime: The Rise and Fall of P.M.S.2, 1915-1917, Intelligence and National Security 1 (1986). P.395-415.

74. John Williams, The Other Battleground (Chicago, 1972). P.258.

75. .: Wolfram Siemann. Deutschlands Ruhe. Sicherheit und Ordnung. P.428-430; Richard Evans, ed., Kneipengesprache im Kaiserreich: Stimmungsberichte des Hamburger Politischen Polizei, 1892-1914 (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1989).

76. . - Wilhelm Deist, ed., Militar und Innenpolitik im Weltkrieg, 1914-1918. Vol.1. P.378-379 - ; - Vol.1. P.378-382, 402-406. . : Wilhelm Deist, Censorship and Propaganda in Germany during the First World War, Les societes europeenes et la guerre de 1914-1918, ed. Jean-Jacques Becker and Stephane Audoin-Rouzeau (Paris, 1990); Jflrgen Kocka, Facing Total War: German Society, 1914-1918 (Warwickshire, 1984). P.121-123, 241.

77. : Michael Geyer, German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare, 1914-1945; Wilhelm Deist, Censorship and Propaganda in Germany during the First World War. 0 Aufklarungtatigskeit Vaterlandischer Unterricht, .: Max Schwarte, ed., DerGrosse Krieg, vol.10, Die Organizatsionen fur das geistige Leben im Heere (Leipzig, 1923). P.356-359, 386-389; Wilhelm Deist, ed., Militar und Innenpolitik. Vol.1. P.328-338; Vol.2. P.816-824, 835-837, 841-846, 961-966. ., . .- ..

78. .: Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship.

79. . ., , , : Alessandro Stanziani, Specialistes, bureaucrates et paysans: Les approvisionnements agricoles pendant la Premiere Guerre Mondiale, 1914-1917;

Alessandro Stanziani, Rationalite economique et rationalisation de la production en Russie, 1892-1930; Andrea Graziosi, G.L.Piatakov (1890-1937); A Mirror of Soviet History; Mark von Hagen, The Great War and the Emergence of Modern Ukraine; Ronald G. Suny, Nation-Making, Nation-Breaking and the End of Empire:

New Perspectives on the Events of 1915. : Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory; Anton Kaes, The Cold Gaze: Notes on Mobilization and Modernity; Omer Bartov, Murder in Our Midst; Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime (New York, 1981); Charles Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe (Princeton, N.J., 1975); Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston, 1989); Michael Geyer, The Militarization of Europe, 1914-1945, The Militarization of the Western World, ed. John Gillis (New Brunswick, N.J., 1989).

80. .: Michael Geyer, The Militarization of Europe, 1914-1945. ( , ). , .

81. Anton Kaes, The Cold Gaze: Notes on Mobilization and Modernity. P.I 15.

82. lan Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich (London, 1983); David Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under the Nazis (Cambridge, Mass., 1992). , , . : Heinz Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich: Auswahl aus den geheimen Lageberichten des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS, 1939-1944 (Munchen, 1968); : Arthur Smith, Life in Wartime Germany: Colonel Ohiendorfs Opinion Service, Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (Spring 1972). P.1-7; Lawrence Stokes, Otto Ohiendorf, the SD and Public Opinion in Nazi Germany, George Mosse, ed., Police Forces in History. , , (Lawrence Stokes, Otto Ohiendorf, the SD and Public Opinion in Nazi Germany. P.242)!

83. , Feldpostbriefe ( - ) . .: Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War; Bernd Ulrich, Feldpostbriefe im Ersten Weltkrieg: Bedeutung und Zensur; Bernd Ulrich, Eine wahre Pest in der offentlichen Meinung; Peter Knoch, Erieben und Nacherleben: Das Kriegserlebnis im Augenzeugenbericht und im Geschichtsunterricht; Manfred Hettling and Michael Jeismann, Der Weltkrieg als Epos: Philipp Witkops Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten. : Klaus Latzel, Tourismus und Gewalt: Kriegwahrnehmungen in Feldpostbriefen, Vernichtnungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, 1941-1944, ed. Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann (Hamburg, 1995). .: O.Buchbender and R.Sterz, eds., Das Andere Gesicht des Krieges: Deutsche Feldpostbriefe, 1939-1945; Detlef Vogel, Der Kriegsalltag im Spiegel von Feldpostbriefen, 1939-1945, Der Krieg des kleinen Mannes, ed. Wolfram Wette (Munchen-Zurich, 1992); Klaus Latzel, "Freie Bahn dem Tuchtigen" -Kriegserfahrung und Perspektiven fur Nachkreigszeit in Feldpostbriefen aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, Lernen aus dem Krieg? Deutsche Nachkriegszeiten, 1918 und 1945, ed. Gottfried Niedhart and Dieter Riesenberger; Alf Lfldtke, German Workers and the Limits of Resistance, Journal of Modern History 64, suppl. (1992). P.S46-S67.

84. .: Pierre Laborie. L'opinion francaise sous Vichy (Paris, 1990); Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton, Vichy and the Jews (New York, 1981). P. 181, 393; John Sweets, Choices in Vichy France (New York, 1994). P. 147-169.

85. Alan Brownjohn, A Mosaic of War in Radio Sound: Mass-Observation and Other Memories, Times Literary Supplement (May 5. 1995). P. 18. : Angus Calder, The Myth of the Blitz (London, 1991); Penny Summerfield, Mass-Observation: Social Research or Social Movement?, Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1985). P.439-452; lan McLaine. Ministry of Morale (London, 1979). , , , ; .: Temple Willcox, Projection or Publicity? Rival Concepts in the Pre-War Planning of the British Ministry of Information, Journal of Contemporary History 18 (1983). P.97-116; C.103.

86. (Pierre Laborie, L'opinion francaise sous Vichy. P.52) , (IFOP) 30- ; . .

87. , , . , - , , - , . . Nicholas Rose, Governing the Soul (London, 1990); lan McLaine, Ministry of Morale; Peter Fritzsche, Machine Dreams, American Historical Review 98 (1993). P.685-709; Phillip S. Meilinger, Trenchard and "Morale Bombing", Journal of Military History 60 (1996). P.243-270; Klaus Meier, Total War and German Air Doctrine before the Second World War, The German Military in the Age of Total War, ed. Wilhelm Deist (Dover, N.H, 1985).

88. Michael Geyer, The Militarization of Europe, 1914-1945. P.81.

89. .: Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain; Katerina dark, Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural Revolution; Boris Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism; Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy.

90. Victoria Bonnell, The Representation of Women in Early Soviet Political Art, Russian Review 50 (1991). P.267-288; Victoria Bonnell, The Peasant Woman in Stalinist Political Art of the 1930s, American Historical Review 98 (1993). P.55-82.

91. .: Igal Halfin. From Darkness to Light: Student Communist Autobiographies in the 1920s, Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas. 45, no.2 (1997).

92. .: Lars Lih. Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990). .: Gerald Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914-1918 (Princeton, N.J., 1966).

93. .: Peter Holquist, A Russian Vendee: The Practice of Politics in the Don Countryside (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1995). chap.6. . , , - . .: D'Ann Penner. Pride, Power and Pitchforks: A Study of Farmer-Party Interaction on the Don, 1920-1928 (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1995). , (Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy) .

94. , , WKP 166, , , . , . (Vladlen Izmozik, Voices from the Twenties. P.288), 70-90% , 20- , . , , 1931 , , , , : ( . . .281).

95. 20- , , - . 30- , , , , , , . , (1937-1938), , 86% , 1929-1952 . (J. Arch Getty. Gabor Rittersporn, and Viktor Zemskov, Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of the Archival Evidence, American Historical Review 98 [1993]. P. 1023). 15 , , , . , . . . (1993. 1. .-22; . 18).





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