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IV. 2




. . .

1. : . : 1918-1928 . ., 1995. .71: / . . .-. ., 1992. .40.

2. , , . (. 20 22). , , , . . : - (-, 1945), , - , - .

3. , , , . , , , , , ; . Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society (Oxford, 1991). / - , , - .: Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995); Michael Geyer, The State in National Socialist Germany, Statemaking and Social Movements, eds. Charles Bright and Susan Harding (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1984); Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society. , Jochen Hellbeck, Fashioning the Stalinist Soul: The Diary of Stepan Podlubny, 1931-1939, Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 44 (1996). P.344-373; Vera Dunham, In Stalin's Time, updated ed. (Durham, N.C., 1990). P.59-74; Svetlana Boym, Common Places. (Cambridge, 1994). P.73-95. ( Typus), , - , ; , Brigitte Werneburg, Ernst Jtinger and the Transformed World, October 62 (1992). P.43-64; Bernd Huppauf, Langemarck, Verdun and the Myth of a New Man in Germany after the First World War, War and Society 6 (1988). P.70-103.

4. Robert Gellately, Enforcing Racial Policy in Nazi Germany, Reevaluating the Third Reich, ed. Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (New York, 1993). P.50, 57-58; Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society. P.259-261.

5. , , , , ( das geistige Leben, , geistige und seelische Betreuung, ). . , , : Pierre Laborie, De 1'opinion publique a 1'imaginaire social, Vingtieme Sieclel8(1988).P.101-117.

6. . Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, expanded ed. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991). P.13, 18, 70-82. , , : Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain; Katerina dark, Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, 1995); . : (., 1993); Boris Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism (Princeton, N.J., 1992). - Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy (New York 1994) - , . , , , ( ). , , , , (.210-211, 246, 249, 253, 291, 306).

7. - Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State (Cambridge, 1985) , , . , , .

8. .: Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust; Omer Bartov, Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation (New York, 1996); George Mosse, Nationalization of the Masses (Ithaca. N.Y., 1975); Hannah Arendt. The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1977); Jacob Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York. 1952); Michael Halberstam. Totalitarianism, Liberalism and the Aestetic (New Haven, Conn.. ). , ; , , : Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (New York, 1956).

9. - .

10. . . - John Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (London, 1976) - . , . : Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War, ed.Diane Koenker, William Rosenberg and Ronald Suny (Bloomington, Ind., 1989), - - , . , : Richard Pipes. The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), Vladimir Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War (Princeton. N.J., 1994), , ( , ). : Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War (New York, 1989).

11. .: Anton Kaes, The Cold Gaze: Notes on Mobilization and Modernity, New German Critique 59 (1993). P.105-117. , (. 116).

12. , , :

Michel Foucault, Governmentality, The Foucault Effect, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (London, 1991). . .: Detlev Peukert, The Weimar Republic (New York, 1993); Paul Weindling. Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism (Cambridge, 1989); Elisabeth Domansky, Militarization and Reproduction in World War One Germany, Society, Culture and State in Germany, 1870-1930 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996). ; , , .

13. , , , : Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe, American Historical Review 80 (1975). P.1221-1243: - . XVII-XVIII : // : . . , 2000. .48-79.

14. , . - Sheila Fitzpatrick, Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia. Journal of Modem History 65 (1993). P.745-770 [ - . . - . .]. , , : Marie-Noelle Bourguet, Dechiffrer la France (Paris 1988); lan Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge, 1990); Benedict Anderson' Imagined Communities, rev.ed. (New York, 1991). P.164-170.

15. , : , . - ; , . , , (). : , (), , . , .

16. I : Sidney Monas, The Third Section (Cambridge, 1961). , (. .22-23, 294 - ). . : Frederic Zuckerman, The Tsarist Secret Police and Russian Society, 1880-1917 (New York, 1996); Jonathan Daly, The Watchful State: Police and Politics in Late Imperial Russia, 1896-1917 (Ph.D. diss.. Harvard University, 1992). .: Wolfram Siemann, Deutschlands Ruhe, Sicherheit und Ordnung: Die Anfange der politischen Polizei, 1806-1866 (Tiibingen, 1985); , .

17. : .. . 3- . ., 1911. : Jochen Hellbeck, Fashioning the Stalmist Soul; , .

18. .: Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State. P.10-11, .

19. .: . : // . 1918. .7. .185-197; . // . 1927. 37. .90-99.

20. , 20- , : . // . 1995. 8. .26-35; . - , - : i - 20-; // 3 apxiaia , , , . 1994. 1. . 12-23. , , .: Vladlen Izmozik, Voices from the Twenties: Private Correspondence Intercepted by the OGPU, Russian Review 55 (1996). p.287-308; Soviet Jewry as Reflected in Letters Intercepted by the Leningrad OGPU, 1924-25, Jews in Eastern Europe 23 (Spring 1994). P.32-45: // . 1994. 9. .78-83; // : . 1995. 3. . 142-144; ., . // / . .. . .2.., 1992. .200-250; . // . 1992. 15. .50-57; 1993. 6. .79-87. , , (): .25896, .2, ., .1-11, 41-43, 47-48, 94-95, 132-133, 145, 149; .192, .2, .385, .2', 11, 17,27-28,38.

21. : Dominic Lieven, The Security Police, Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson, eds.. Civil Rights in Russia (Oxford, 1989); Nurit Schleifmann, The Internal Agency: Linchpin of the Political Police in Russia, Cahiers du Monde russe et sovietique 24 (1983). P.152-177; Richard J. Johnson, Zagranichnaya agentura: The Tsarist Political Police in Europe, George Mosse, ed.. Police Forces in History (London, 1975). .: George Yaney, The Systemization of Russian Government (Urbana, 111., 1973). P.295-301; Richard G. Robbins, The Tsar's Viceroys (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987). P.65-71.

22. . , 20- . . : Andrea Romano, L'armee rouge, miroir de la societe sovietique: Apercu des sources d'archives, Communisme 42/43/44 (1995). P.35-43; Nicolas Werth, Une source inedite: Les svodki de la Tcheka-OGPU, Revue des etudes slaves 66 (1994). P. 17-27: Viktor Danilov and Alexis Berelowitch, Les documents de la VChK-OGPU-NKVD sur la campagne sovietique, 1918-1937, Cahiers du Monde russe 35 (1994). p.633-682; . . ʻ: i-i i i // 3 apxii , , . . 1994. 1. . 12-23; .. - (20- ) // : , . 1991. 1. .62-64; Merle Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958). Chap.8. , : Andrea Graziosi, Collectivization, revokes paysannes et politiques gouvernementales a travers les rapports du GPU d'Ukrame, Cahiers du Monde russe 35 (1994). P.437-632; Jean-Paul Depretto, L'opinion ouvriere (1928-1932), Revue des etudes slaves 66 (1994). P.55-60: Marcus Wehner, "Die Lage vor Ort ist unbefriedigend": Die Informatsionsberichte des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes zur Lage der russischen Bauern (1921-1927). Jahrbuch fur historische Kommunismusiorschung 2 (1994). P.64-87; Mordechai Altshuler and Tat'iana Chentsova, The Party and Popular Reaction to the "Doctor's Plot" (Dnepropetrovsk Province, Ukraine), Jews in Eastern Europe 21 (Fall 1993). P.49-63: ., . : // . .4. ., 1993. .9-24; . : . 1945-1946 // . .468-475; . - : 1962 . // . .. .145-176; . , : 1920- // . .. .324-360; . : 1953 . // . .2. .253-260; . : 1936 . // . .2. .272-281; ., . 40- - 50- // . .2. .282-296; John Barber, Popular Reactions in Moscow to the German Invasion of June 22, 1941, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, nos.1-3 (1991). 5-18; Mark von Hagen, Soviet Soldiers and Officers on the Eve of the German Invasion, Soviet Union/ Union Sovietique, 1-3 (1991). P.79-101. , , : Nicolas Werth, Gael Moullec, eds., Les rapports secrets sovietiques: La societe russe dans les documents confidentiels, 1921-1991 (Paris, 1995).

23. , .: : . 1944 // . 1994. 3. .60-86 .74. .. ( . 1992. 2. .23) , ( 3%). 1930-1931 . .: , 1930-1931 / . .. ... . 1992. .114-123, 149-151, 195-196, 233-235. 1928 1968 . .: Nicolas Werth, Gael Moullec. eds., Les rapports secrets sovietiques. P.355-430. .: .., .. ( ) // . 1995. 6. .133-142 .135-136.

24. 1940 : . 1993. 1. .3-22. 1941 .: // . 1993. 7. .61; - : // . 1990. 11. .124-131.

25. - . - . : Leon Trotsky, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1959) - , , , - [.: . . . ., 1990. . 84-92, 323-324. 337, 359-360. - . .]. ( , , ) . , ; .: . . ., 1993; . . 4.1 2. ., 1994; . ..,1997. - Moshe Lewin, The Making of Soviet System (New York, 1985) - - ( ) - . , , , : Laura Engelstein, Combined Underdevelopment: Discipline and the Law in Imperial and Soviet Russia, American Historical Review 98 (1993). P.338-353.

26. (Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy); : ., . : 2 . ., 1996; : Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr Nekrich, Utopia in Power (New York: Summit, 1986).

27. . , , : Michael Geyer, German Strategy in the Age of Machine Warfare, 1914-1945, Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Peter Paret (Princeton, N.J., 1986).

28. - . . (.; ., 1927); . , , , 1917 .: 1917: // . 1918. 13. .7. .91-123. 1915 . ; , ;

. .. 1917 // . 1995. 6. .52-59; : 1914-1917 // . 1996. 1. C.I 13-115. - . : Charles Steinwedel. The Local Politics of Empire: State, Religion and National Identity in Ufa Province, 1865-1917 (Columbia University). Making Peasants Backwards (Yanni Kotsonis) , .

29. . : Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (New York, 1939); W. Bruce Lincoln, Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution (New York, 1986); Lewis Siegelbaum, The Politics of Industrial Mobilization in Russia, 1914-17 (New York, 1983). .: . // . 1915. 11. .85-92. , -; , , ... (.86). : , , .

30. 976 , , .: .. // . 1926. 17. .3-35; A.M. 1916.// . 1960. 1. .203-209. , , , . - .87. .1, .551, . 12-13,28,90-91.95.99: .554 , , - , . ( , ). , , , . , : , . - Hubertus Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I (Ithaca, N.Y., 1995). P.4-5. , , . . . , , . , .

31. - // ( -). , 1915.

32. , , : . . 19. 1928. .253, 259. 263-265. , ; .: Werner Angress, The German Army's "Judenzahlung" of 1916: Genesis-Consequences-Significance, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 23 (1978). P.I 17-137. , 1916-1917 ., .: .. : 2 . , 1939. T.I. C.229-230, 232-236; / . .. . ., 1966. .170-172, 290-292.

33. .: .. , 1914 . , 1915. .17-39. .: ., . . .200-202; .. // / . .. . , 1970. T.I. .3-18; .. // / . ... , 1972. .67-89. . , . : . 250 . ., 1920; Alfred Knox, With the Russian Army, 2 vols. (New York, 1921).

34. . .292.

35. . 250 . .405, 436-437, 442.

36. . .545. . : . .296-297, 309. : , 44% , ; 39% ; 17%> ( . .66-77).

37. , , - , : Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York, WS). ( ), , .: Paul Fussell. The Great War and Modern Memory. P. 183-186. , , .: ., // . 1914. 3. .149-164; , . . : Hubertus Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I. P.47-48. .: . // . 1995. 6. .54-60.

38. .. . .8-9.





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