56. , (j - Û j = j*).
(52) , j , (, j ()) = (j (), ) (55).
n = (1, 2,..., n), j. * = (53) : = 1× × . , = , .. . ,
56. , .
56 , .
.
10. .
, . .
20. .
, .
30. .
, , .
40. j j 1, j 1 .
.
50. j y , , , .. j×y = y×j.
, j y (j×y)* = y*×j* = yj.
j×y ( ), (j×y)* = j×y. , j×y , j×y = yj.
60. j . j, ^ j.
j*.
57. .
. n , j . . l0 | l |. ( l0)× = 0 , . . = (1, 2, , n) . = l0. , × × =l0× × (*). ×, × = . , × , . , , , × × . × × . , .. × × = ( × ×) = × × = × × . . , , , .. × × = . , × × . (*) , l0 .
|
|
1. .
2. .
58. , , .
. j n, l1, l2, = l1 ¹ l2. , l1 l2 . j () = l1 , j () = l2 . (, j ()) = (j (), ). (, l2 ) = (l1 , ), l2 (, ) = l1 (, ), (l1 l2)×(, ) = 0. l1 ¹ l2, (, ) = 0. , ^ .
59. j: n n , n , j.
. Ü = (1, 2,..., n) , j. j () = l = 1, 2, , n. , j , , .. j .
Þ j: n n . . n = 1 , . . .
, (n 1). n n. 2 54 j . 1 , l1. , , . 1 = < 1 >. , j (1) = 1. 1 j. dim 1 = n 1, 1 , j. (2,..., n). (1, 2,..., n) n.
.
60. .
. . Ÿ j = (1, 2,..., n) n. 56 n 1 = (11, 21,..., n1), j. 1 j 1, 1 . 1. 1 = 1× × .
|
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.
= . | . = (l 1)3×(l + 3) |
l1 = l2 = l3 = 1, l4 = 3. . .
l = 1
1, 3- , , 1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), 2 = (1, 0, 1, 0), 3 = (1, 0, 0, 1). . . , = . |
:
11 = 21 = , 31 = .
l = 3
3, 1- , , 4 = (1, 1, 1, 1). , 41 = (1, 1, 1, 1). 11, 21, 31, 41 |
. 1
= . | 1 = . |
= 1 1 = × × .
.
62. j: n n j*j jj* , .. , .
. (j*j)* = j* (j*) * = j*j. , j*j . l j*j . ((j*j)(), ) = (j* (j (), ) = (j (), j ()) = =½ j ()½2. , ((j*j)(), ) = (l , ) = l ½ ½2. , ½ j ()½2 = l ½ ½2. ¹ 0, l ³ 0. jj* .
57. , (, j ()) > 0.
61. , .
. Þ j . (, j ()) > 0 , . , j () = l . , 0 < (, l ) = l (, ). (, ) > 0, l > 0.
Ü j . n = (1, 2,..., n), . = 1 1 + 2 2 + + n n, (, j ()) = ( = . ¹ 0, (, j ()) > 0, .. j .
. , (, j ()) ³ 0.
, (, j ()) < 0 (, j*j ()) = (j (), j ()) ³ 0. , j*j .