.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





. :

11 2+ 22 2 + a 33 z 2 +2 12 + 2 13 + 2 23 z +

+ 2 1 + 2 2 +2 a 3 z+ c = 0, (8)

aij, i, j =1,2,3 . , , .

(8) . Ÿ

a 11 12 13

A = 12 22 23

13 23 33

,

λ1 0 0

A ¢ = 0 λ2 0

00λ3

Ox ¢ y ¢ z ¢ (8) :

λ1 x ¢2+ λ2 y ¢2 + λ3 z ¢2, (9)

. λ1, λ2, λ3 Ox ¢ y ¢ z ¢. .. (9), λ1, λ2, λ3 ( ). λ i , , . , λ i, , . , λ i , λ3. λ i 0, λ1.

λ1, λ2, λ3 : (+, +, +), (+, +, ), (+, +, 0), (+, , 0), (+, 0, 0). . :

λ1 x ¢22 y ¢23 z ¢2 +2 b 1 x ¢+2 b 2 y ¢+2 b 3 z ¢ + c = 0(10)

, λ i 0

λ1(x ¢2 + x ¢+) + λ2(y ¢2 + y ¢+) +

+ λ3(z ¢2 + z ¢+) + c = 0,

λ12+ λ22+ 2+ c ¢= 0.

.

x ² = x ¢+, y ² = y ¢+, z ² = z ¢+,

O ¢(,, ).

λ1(x ²)22(y ²)2 + λ3(z ²)2 = '.

| ¢|, ¢ ≠ 0. 1, 1 0. 1 6 (. ).

λ3= 0, z ¢, 2 b 3 z ¢ + c ¢ : 2 b 3(z ¢ + c ¢/2 b 3), z ² = z ¢+ c ¢/2 b 3. 2 b 3 z'', , (z ²)2:

λ1(x ²)22(y ²)2 = 2 b 3 z''.

| b 3| 7, 8 (. ). 2 z'', 2 z'', , - .

λ3= 0 b 3= 0,

λ1(x ²)2 2(y ²)2 = ',

9 13 .

λ2= λ3= 0. , , (8) :

E
1. + + =1, d>0 ∆<0
2. (Ø) + + = 1, d>0 ∆>0
3. () + + = 0, d>0 ∆=0
4. + = 1, d<0 ∆<0
5. + = 1, d<0 ∆>0
6. + = 0, d<0 ∆=0
7. + = 2 z, d=0 ∆<0
8. = 2 z, d=0 ∆>0
9. + =1, d=∆=0 I2>0 I1∙I4<0
10. + = 1, d=∆=0 I2>0 I1∙I4>0
11. , + = 0, d=∆=0 I2>0 I4=0
12. = 1, d=∆=0 I2<0 I4≠0
13. = 0, d=∆=0 I2 <0 I4=0
14. x 2 = 2 py d=∆=0 I2=0 I4≠0
15. x 2 = a 2 d=∆=0 I2=I4=0 I3>0
16. x 2 = 0 d=∆=0 I2=I4=0 I3=0
17. x 2 = a 2 d=∆=0 I2=I4=0 I3<0

 

:

11 12 13 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 1

d = 12 22 23 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 2

13 23 a 33 a 13 a 23 a 33 a 3

a 1 a 2 a 3 c

I1 = trace d = a 11 + a 22 + a 33

I2 = + + -

d

-

I3 = + + ∆,

d.

a 11 a 12 a 11 a 11 a 13 a 1 a 22 a 23 a 2 -

I4 = a 12 a 22 a 2 + a 13 a 33 a 3 + a 23 a 33 a 3

a 1 a 2 c a 1 a 3 c a 2 a 3 c

∆, d

. δ, ∆, I1, I2 , I3, I4 , ( ).

. , . .

1. . :

4 x 2 + z 2 24 x + 8 y + 2 z + 5 = 0.

. :

4(x 2 6 x + 9) 36 + (z 2 + 2 z +1) - 1 + 8 y + 5 = 0,

4(x 3)2 + (z + 1)2 + 8 y 32 = 0,

4(x 3)2 + (z + 1)2 = 8(y 4).

:

x ¢ = x 3,

y ¢= y 4,

z ¢ = z + 1,

O' (3, 4,1).

4 x ¢2 + z ¢ 2 = 8 y ¢, Û(x ¢)2 + = 8 y ¢,

, . + = 1 4 8. .

 
 


2. ,

(x 3) 4(y + 4)2 ³ 0.

.

. , (x 3) 4(y + 4)2 = 0.

x ¢ = x 3,

y ¢= y + 4,

z ¢ = z .

O' (3, 4, 0). ,

(x ¢ )2 4(y ¢ )2 = 0. (*)

z ¢, , O ¢ z ¢. O ¢ x ¢ y ¢ (*)

(x ¢ 2 y ¢)(x ¢ + 2 y ¢ ) = 0.

2 . , . , . , , . O ¢ x ¢: A (a, 0, 0) O ¢ x ¢ y ¢ z ¢ , (x ¢ )2 4(y ¢ )2 ³ 0. , O ¢ x ¢ . , , . .. , .

 

3. ,

z= 2 y 2,

x= 0.

a) Oz,) Oy . . .

. l, Oyz. l . , Φ, l Oz, l z , y : y a.

z= 2 2, Þ

x 2 + y 2 = 0.

, Oz, O ¢(0, 0,2).

.

1) z = 2, x 2 + y 2 = 4. , z = 2 2. z = 2 Oz , Ox Oy; 2 , . , Ox , Oy Oz.

2) z = 6 Oz.

3) O ¢. , .

4) , .

, Oy, l y , z : z a.

x 2 4(y 1)2 + z 2 = 0,

(y 1)2 + = 0.

, O ¢(0, 1, 0), Oy. . , , y = 3 4.

4.

x 2 + + = 1

? , ( ) ? .

. . :

x 2 + = 1,

x z . , Oy. , , g , y x 2 + = 1 , z = 0. , ,

x 2 + = 1

z = 0

z, γ', y = 0:

x 2 + = 1,

y =0.

5. , x = a F (a, 0, 0).

. M (x, y) .

| MF | =,

M | x + a |.

= | x + a |.

:

x 2 2 ax + a 2 + y 2+ z 2 = x 2+ 2 ax + a 2

y 2+ z 2 = 4 ax Û + = 2 ax.

, Ox.

6. + + = 1 = =.

. :

x = 1 + t,

y = 4 6 t,

z = 6 + 12 t.

:

+ + = 1,

1 + 2 t + t 2 + 4 12 t + 9 t 2 + 4 16 t + 16 t 2 = 9,

26 t 2 26 t = 0 Û 26 t (t 1) = 0.

: t 1= 0, t 2= 1. , M 1(1, 4, 6), M 2(2, 2, 6).

: M 1(1, 4, 6), M 2(2, 2, 6).

7. , + = 1 ) y = 2 z; ) y = 2 z +2.

. ) . y = 2 z :

+ = 1 Û x 2 = 9.

Oxz. . , .

) y = 2 z +4 :

+ = 1 Û + = 1 Û x 2 = 9 z.

Oxz. . , .

.

, . , , ( ) , ( ) , . ,

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

, 2 4 . , 2´4. a 11= 1, a 12= 2, a 21= 6. n ´ n n.

, , . , , , . , E. , 3

1 0 0

E = 0 1 0

0 0 1

, () , ().

. A det A. , . 2 :

a 11 a 12

a 21 a 22

Mij , A i - j - . , aij. 3 :

a 11 a 12 a 13

a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 11 M 11 a 12 M 12 + a 13 M 13 = a 11 a 12 + a 13.

a 31 a 32 a 33

.

1 2 3

4 5 6 =1 2 + 3 = 1 (5 9 6 8) 2 (4 9 67) + 3 (48 57) =

7 8 9

= 3 +12 9 = 0.

.

1. , .

2. ( ), .

3. () .

4. () .

. 3 :

1 2 3 1 2 1

4 5 6 = 3 4 5 2

7 8 9 7 8 3

5. () (), , .

( ):

1 2 3 1 2 3

4 5 6 = 3 3 3

7 8 9 6 6 6

, , .

6. :

1 2 1

0 3 6 = 1 (3) 9 = 27

0 0 9

. .

.

, . , 3:

a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2+ a 13 x 3 = b 1

a 21 x 1+ a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3 = b 2 (1)

a 31 x 1 + a 32 x 2 + a 33 x 3 = b 3.

aij , b 1, b 2, b 3 . A, B:

a 11 a 12 a 13 b 1

A = a 21 a 22 a 23 B = b 2

a 31 a 32 a 33 b 3.

D = det A, D i , A i - B. ,

b 1 a 12 a 13

D1= b 2 a 22 a 23

b 3 a 32 a 33.

. ( ). D¹0, (1) .

x 1 =, x 2 =, x 3 =.

, n .

.

5 x + 9 y = 3,

3 x + 5 y = 1.

.

5 93 9 5 3

3 5 1 5 3 1

x 1 = = = 3, x 2 = = = 2.

: (3, 2).

 

 


90

17

20

16, 19

18, 20

16, 19

15, 19

6

, 7

48

7

8

12

22

90

123

118

94

87

121

62

51

62

89

91

92

117, 132

125, 132

125, 132

28

17

20

21

97

87

92

2 101

2 132

90

92

48, 64

87

94

100, 130

7

7

118

92

16, 17, 19

16, 17, 19

100

12

100, 130

116

140

102

123,

125, 128

104

6

18, 21

48, 63

116, 118

17

56

116, 118

2 97

127

60

50

953

140

11

54

17, 20

17, 20

12

117, 121, 132

105

105

11

11

94

117, 132

128

128

121

45, 47

92

48, 64

88

31

121

130

32

90

87

29

29

29

7

8

12

138

31

34

10, 21

12

12

9

7

6

57

() 58

() 58

89

- 17, 19

17, 19

9

11

68

54

16, 17

19, 20

100, 130

131

12

14

14

26

7

6

98

90

98

7

30

30

122

12

11

51

11

62

52, 53, 67

44, 46

45, 46

59

61

54

48

54

51

86, 89, 92

91

104

97

101

116

30

30

6

93

86

123, 132

117, 132


1. .. . .:,1978

2. .. . .: , 1984.

3. .., .. . .I. .:, 1986.

4. .., .. . . .I. .: , 1974

5. .. . .I. .: , 1973

6. .., .. . .: , 1981.

7. .M. . .:, 1973.

8. .M. . I: . .:, 1986.

9. .., .. . .: , 1990.

10. .., .. . : ,1989

11. .. . . .:, 1980.

12. .., .. . .1. .: , 1973.

13. . . .. : - , 1989, 1999.

14. .. . .: , 1987

15. .. . .:, 1965

16. .., .. . .: , 1986

17. .., .. . .: , 1976

18. .. . .: - , 1969





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