, (XVIII .) . , XIX . XX , . . , . . . . . . 50- . XX . , , , .
, .
50- . XX . , , , . , . . . . . .
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, (. . . , . . . .), XX ., .
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2.0.3. . , . 30- . XX . . .
. - . XIX XX ., , , , . , : 2) . , , . , poor John , John poor John : Poor John ran away John ran away. and Mary, , , : and Mary ran away Tom ran away; Mary ran away. To, (. and Mary run away Tom runs away; Mary runs away), .
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, , , : John ran beside John. . poor John and Mary, , . . : poor John and Mary.
John ran away beside John.
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, . e. , , .
, . , , phrase. , , . XVII, XVIII XIX . , XIX XX . . , . XX . phrase : word group, word cluster . . .
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. phrase , . , phrase word group.
, . : head, centre. , centre. , all heads are centres, but not all centres are heads (S. Chatman).
He , .
, . . 4 :
1 new books
2 experiment perilous
3 as good as that
4 did not g
, , , , , , , . ,
. , . Yes, please. , , . . .
: . , , : 1) , , 2) , . , . . . , , : .
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, . , , , , .
, . Yes, please, .
, , , , .
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. , .
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. : , , . , , , , , . , , (: ), - . , , , , . .
2.0.4. . , , , , , , to disregard the remark, busy life, ver new, on the beach, under the net, in the corner, .
, . e. , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . , , I am, he is we glance, he glances, , . e. , , , , , . e. , .
, , . , , . , , . , , . , .
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2.0.5. . , .
, , table . . , , King Arthur and his Round Table table 'a piece of furniture', Round Table 'King Arthur's knights'. : , to be at table table, to be, , 'having a meal'.
, , , , .
, , , , , . , , , , : a dog house a house dog.
a dog house 'a house in which a dog lives', a house dog 'a dog that lives in a house'.
. , a fruit salad , , a fruit knife , . a Vietnam village , , an Oxford man , .
, , : horse shoes '' alligator shoes ', '. horse shoes , .
, , , . , , an orphan child a wine waiter. a child who is an orphan, .
. , , + , , . ., , white : white hair ('an old man with white hair'); a white lie ('a harmless lie'); white meat ('pork, veal, poultry').
: to run fast, to run a splinter into one's finger, to run a business, to run a car into a garage, to run a comb through one's hair, to run for parliament . .
, , , . a fruit knife . to run a car; to run a business, to run fast; to run (a car) 1 into a garage.
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, , , (, , . .).
1 , , .
2.0.6. . , , . . , .
, , . , , , . e. , , , . , . .
, , . , . , , . . , , , .
2.0.7. . : . , , : , , . , , , .
, , . , , one: a black dog and two gray ones; He is a doctor and his wife is one, too.
, one , . : Such a list is an open one.
, , 3- . . , - one. - one,
, (: an old bear and five young ones), 3- , . e. . : R d l p h ' s w i f e sat on a bench in the park.; She was playing with her daughter.
, - one , 3- , : Rudolph's wife = she.
that/those: The best coal is t h a t from Newcastle.; The cost of oil is less than t h a t of gas.; More apples? Have you eaten all thse we bought?
- do: She sleeps more than I do.; We said he would w i n, and he d i d, too.
, . , so: He is clever, but his brother is still more so.; Is he alive and happy? Yes, (he is) very much so.
, , , , : I could not help them though I tried to. to to help them. , , , , . , - (a black one), , (. 1.6.4).