.
, .
, Zn + 4HNO3 = Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O.
, Zn . Zn , Zn .
:
KClO3 → KCl + 1,5O2
, , .
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4↓+2NaCl
NaCO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2↑+ H2O
.
.
BaSO4 → Ba2+ + S
CO2 + H2O → 2H + C
H2O → H+ + OH-
, , . , (, ), (, ). .
, , τ = τ, . . . + mM + nN,
= - = 1 * ()
= = 2 * ()
1 -
, . I (2.3);
, . II, , ( C'A = C' = 0) .
V = - = * - (2.25)
, - , .. , . , ( , ).
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, = , ().
, () ().
1 * = 2 *
()
= (2.26)
,
= = (2.27)
, , .
(2.27) .
= = (2.28)
( , ).
, ( ), , , ( - , ).
, , , , . , (2.28) .
, FeO(k) + CO() Fe(k) + CO2()
=
(2.27) (2.28) . , , , .
, ( = ) , , . . 2.4 ( ) - . (, = const), .
. 2.4 ( ) .
100 % , 100 % . → , GA Gmin , → G Gmin.
(Gmin) (,). ∆G, = 0
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