()
- (). (&) - .
,
=(" ";(2007;1;1)-(); " ")
" 36 ".
(), () ()
() .
=("";4)
"".
, () .
=("";3)
"".
() "" , , .
=("";4;3)
"".
()
. . , , 3 ' . , 1,
=(A1;4;(A1)-3)
Excel
(_) (_) . , .
(_;_;_)
(_;_;_)
_ -- .
_ -- , . : (?) (*). - ; - . , (~).
_ -- , . _ 1. _ , 1.
, , .
:
. , ' , . .
, .
|
|
, .
2 :
=(A2;(" ";A2;1)+1;(" ";A2;(" ";A2;1)+1)-(" ";A2;1)-1)
. 4 . 2 (" ";A2;1). ' (" ";A2;1)+1.
'. , , , . (" ";A2;(" ";A2;1)+1). , .
Excel - .
.
()
-- , . , .
ϲ
.
ϲ()
-- , . .
, , , ( ). ( ).
()
-- , , , , , .
Excel .
, , . , , .
, 39052 :
39 052
39052,00
39052,00 .
01-01-06
1 2006 .
ѳ
01.2006
..
.
, , . ' .
, " , 6 2006 ". .
Ͳ, :
, () .
.
|
|
(;)
-- , , , , .
-- .
(*).
( ) , . , .
:
=("";(();");(();"[$-FC19] \\\.")
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Internet Explorer - (), Microsoft.
16 1995 . Mosaic, Microsoft Spyglass. 3.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer Windows, - Netscape Navigator.
Mac OS Unix- Internet Explorer 5.2.3 Internet Explorer 5.0 SP1 Beta . Internet Explorer .
IE CSS2[?], XHTML [?]. .
Internet Explorer ﳿ Microsoft Windows, Internet Explorer 糿 Windows.
Internet Explorer
2011 , 40% , Internet Explorer . Internet Explorer web- 1999 , 20022003 95%; ϳ 20072008 IE 99%. , , (ActiveX Nsplugin, ). []
1 IE
1.1 Internet Explorer 1
1.2 Internet Explorer 2
1.3 Internet Explorer 3
1.4 Internet Explorer 4
1.5 Internet Explorer 5
1.6 Internet Explorer 6
1.7 Internet Explorer 7
1.8 Internet Explorer 8
1.9 Internet Explorer 9
1.10 Internet Explorer 10
2 ϳ
3
4
5 .
[.]
IE
[.]
Internet Explorer 1
IE 2011 [1]Internet Explorer, ▼ 52,87%
Internet Explorer 6 ▼ 10,36%
Internet Explorer 7 ▼ 7,04%
Internet Explorer 8 ▼ 31,28%
Internet Explorer 9 ▲ 4,19%
1995 Spyglass, Inc. Mosaic. Microsoft . Internet Explorer 1.0, Internet Explorer 2.0, 1995 , .
[.]
Internet Explorer 2
1995 , JavaScript, NNTP, SSL. , Microsoft Windows Mac.
[.]
Internet Explorer 3
13 1996 , Spyglass Mosaic. CSS, ActiveX Java, - pics, World Wide Web Consortium (W3c). ֳ , Netscape Navigator. Windows 95 OSR2.
|
|
[.]
Internet Explorer 4
1997 . ' . . Internet Explorer 4 , . 4.0 DHTML, Javascript, Netscape 4.0, (, JS ). IE 4.0 ' (DOM), 'document.all', DOM Netscape 'document.layers'. Internet Explorer 4.0 Windows 98. Internet Explorer 4.0 .
[.]
Internet Explorer 5
18 1999 . IE W3c DOM, CSS. ϳ ( ), , XML, XSL - MHTML. Windows 98 SE Microsoft Office 2000. 5.5 2000 , CSS HTML . Internet Explorer 5.5 Windows ME.
[.]
Internet Explorer 6
27 2001 , Windows XP. DHTML, , CSS 1, DOM 1 SMIL 2.0. ( ). MSXML 3.0. : IEAK, , Windows Messenger, , P3p, Luna Windows XP.
[.]
Internet Explorer 7
18 2006 . 26 [2]. 2007 100 [3]. Vista Aero, , RSS, alpha- PNG , W3c[4], , . IE Windows Vista : ( -, ' ). , Mosaic.
ϳ , 4 2007 IE7, ﳿ [5] , .
[.]
Internet Explorer 8
19 2009 [6]. XP, Vista, Server 2003 Server 2008. Windows 7 .
:
|
|
;
Activities , : Live Search, , , , - ;
Webslices (--) ;
, URL , ;
;
Inprivate, , ;
( ctrl );
Translation
[.]
Internet Explorer 9
: Internet Explorer 9
14 2011 . 32- 64- Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 . IE9 . ³ CSS3, , SVG, ICC, JavaScript. , IE9 Direct2D. , HTML5, Web Open Font Format.
[.]
Internet Explorer 10
: Internet Explorer 10
12 2011 , Internet Explorer 9 CSS3. , Internet Explorer 10 Windows 7 Windows 8 , Windows Vista.
Web-
́ ́ (. email, e-mail, . electronic mail) ( ) ( ) .
() , (, , , , , ), - , , .
: _@_ ( [email protected]); , , ; ( ); ; .
: , ( ); ; ( ); ( ).
, (. ).
, .
Internet Internet. , , TCP/IP (, , , ..), , , , , Internet ' .
, , , , Internet - , , - , .
Internet, ? ³ -, (TCP/IP), Windows 95, Internet ( IP-, ) .
|
|
Internet , ' , , intranet, (fire-wall) Internet, . TCP/IP Internet .
, ', 10Base-T (10 /) Web- .
Internet :
-, ' Internet ( ) , ' World Wide Web.
-, , IP- Ethernet, MAC-.
-, (MAC-), ' , 48- , , 64 .
Internet. ' , ' , , . , Internet . , - , , , , . , , , , , ' .
, , . , . , , , .
- . , , : . , . , . : , , .
. , , , , , ' . ' , ' , , , . , , , .
, , : , .
: . ³, , , , , 䳺 , .
: -, , ( ), . -, ' : 볺, .. ' ' , , ( , ). , . , apriori.
, , , ', ' . , , , .
, ', ' , . , Internet , , .
() . ֳ , . , '. Internet . , Internet Kerberos, . , Internet, , , ', .
, '.
SKIP-㳺 (Secure Key Internet Protocol - Internet- ) IP-, IPv4 ' , . : SKIP- - IP-, SKIP- , ( ). SKIP- - Internet ( IP- SKIP-). ʳ SKIP- TCP- UDP-, (TCP UDP) . , SKIP-.
S-HTTP (Secure HTTP - HTTP) - HTTP-, Enterprise Integration Technologies (EIT) Web. S-HTTP HTTP- Web- OSI. ', , (FTP, TELNET, SMTP .) . , Web- ( Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Explorer) .
SSL (Secure Socket Layer - ) - Netscape - ', OSI. ³ , - ' - (DNS, FTP, TELNET, SMTP .). ' , SSL, S-HTTP, OSI - (TCP, UDP) (FTP, TELNET). SSL-' ij , , SSL-' , .
SSL HTTP-', Web-. Netscape Navigator Microsoft Explorer. SSL-' Web-, Web-, SSL (, SSL-Apache).
SSL . ( ) / . . , .
, Internet , . - . , . :
.
.
( ). , , .
. , . . , . message digest, - (digital signature).
, . - (certificate). :
' /, .
(' ).
'.
( 䳿 .).
"" ( ), . , - "Certificate authority (CA)". Web-볺 (Web-browser), SSL, security, , "" .
( ) . ( / ) - Message Authentification Code (MAC). . .
SSL - SSLeay. (SSLeay v.0.8.0) SSLv3. UNIX. . SSL . , , SSL HTTP - Apache.
, , SSL, ' . Internet , ', . SSL , . SSL- (DNS, FTP, TELNET, WWW .). , .
ϳ , , SSL , , .
Allbest.ru
(. browser : [ˈbraʊ̯zɚ] ́ ), , -, [1] (. browser : [ˈbraʊ̯zɚ] ́ ) ' , , ' , , -. -, - -. - , -. []
1
2
2.1
2.2
3
4
5 ֳ
6
7 .
[.]
- 䒺 HTTP, , , . , - , World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C). HTML XHTML, GIF, JPEG PNG ( W3C). , -.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator, RFC 1738), , , http: HTTP. URL , , , gopher: Gopher ( ), ftp: FTP, rtsp: RTSP, https: HTTPS (HTTP Secure, HTTP Secure Sockets Layer SSL Transport Layer Security TLS).
[.]
. [2]:
Microsoft Internet Explorer ( ),
Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome,
Safari,
Opera.
, HTML. , Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox. - , ( Flickr Mozilla Firefox).
- Mosaic.
, 2011 , Opera 34,7%, Mozilla Firefox, 30%. Google Chrome, 17%. Google 10%, [7].
[8] 2012 Opera 31,47%, Mozilla Firefox, 29,24%, Google Chrome, 20,88%, Internet Explorer 16,23%.
[.]
-, , WML, HTML XHTML.
, , . lynx, , .
[.]
Merriam Webster . browser, :
to look over casually: skim
a) to skim through a book reading passages that catch the eye b) to look over or through an aggregate of things casually especially in search of something of interest
[9] :
(skim) ; ́ ()
́, ́ (look over), (look through) ́
:
(-)
()-, , , , , Netscape Navigator, , .
[.]
ֳ
.txt, , , jpg.
WWW
́ ́ (. World Wide Web, : WWW; : , ́) : ' , ', . , . []
1
2
3
4
5 2.0
6 2.0
[.]
, . () . ʳ WWW , WWW Internet. WWW Internet, . .
WWW , . , : , , , , . , WWW.
[.]
WWW 볺-: , 볺 . (, , , , ᒺ ). . WWW , Internet , , Internet. Internet, . WWW , WWW, Internet. , 볺 WWW () , -볺 : FTP, Gopher, Usenet, . . , WWW Internet, WWW .
[.]
, WWW. HTML (hyper text markup language, ). , WWW . , , . , . HTML . html, , html ( htm , Windows). URL (uniform resource locator, ). - Internet. Internet IP- '. HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol, ). , 볺 WWW 볺.
WWW , Internet. ³ , . , , WWW .
[.]
- , WWW. WWW, WWW. -, 璺 볺 : 볺 , , . , 볺 . : http, 璺, , . WWW, . , , , , Java Sun Microsystems. ' 㳿 AJAX, XML Javascript. , WWW .
[.]
2.0
WWW , 2.0. 2.0 2004 WWW 2- . 2.0 . 2.0 䳿 - , . :
- (, );
;
();
WWW.
2.0 , :
;
.
API
2.0 . (W3C). :
;
(SEO) ;
XML .
, 2.0 :
"" "" ;
- ();
-;
- .
, 2.0 WWW , , . :
;
WWW;
WWW.
2.0 WWW. :
;
, WWW;
WWW WWW ;
"", " ";
' WWW ( , , ).
[.]
2.0
, 㳿 2.0 , , WWW. :
LiveJournal.com ;
eBay.com - ;
WikiPedia.org ;
ODP (dmoz.org) , .
Facebook.com ;
Gmail.com ;
Reddit.com ;
, , . , , , , , WWW.
INTERNET
.
(Wide Area Network, WAN) , . WAN (Host ) , . 䒺 . , ᒺ , , 䒺 . (INTERNET, Bitnet, DECnet ) , 䒺 , . ( , ) , .
, , , . , . , , . , , , , . (Host-) , . , 璺 , . , .
INTERNET.
INTERNET - ᒺ , , , - - . INTERNET . , INTERNET- , . , INTERNET, . 90- , INTERNET ᒺ , TCP/IP. , BITNET, DECnet, Compuserve, , TCP/IP , , Inetrnet, INTERNET . , - INTERNET. : , , , .. , .
, 䳿. , . ( ), DECnet, SNA, Novell/IPX, Appletalk, 䳿 . ᒺ INTERNET TCP/IP - Transmission ontrol Protocol/Internet Protocol ( / ). 㳺 䳿, 㳺 INTERNET. TCP/IP - , ( 100), ᒺ . SMTP (e-mail), Telnet, FTP, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, WWW .
TCP/IP, DARPA 1970 , 䳿 - 䳿 . TCP/IP ARPANET 1983 . 90- . TCP/IP ᒺ INTERNET. INTERNET TCP/IP.
Internet . , TCP/IP. , ᒺ , TCP/IP, INTERNET. TCP/IP RFC (Requests For Comments) - (Network Information Center - NIC).
INTERNET.
INTERNET 1969 , ̳ ARPANET ( ). ᒺ . ( ). ARPANET . ARPA, (Department of Defense (DOD) Advanced Research Projects Agency - ̳ ), DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), ᒺ , , , . ARPANET : PRNET (packet radio) SATNET (packet satellite). ᒺ 㳿 䳿 TCP/IP, DARPA. 璺 , , . 1986. ̳ (ARPANET MILNET) , 璺, , . 璺 DARPA Internet, 璺 INTERNET. ARPAnet Ethernet 㳿 - 㳿 . ARPANET , . 䳿 ARPANET , , , . 1970- , : UUCP, , UNIX USENET - .
1980- , Computer Science Network (CSNET) BITNET, . ֳ INTERNET, 璺, , .
INTERNET 1986 , NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network). ARPANET-, NSFNET ᒺ , 56 / , . NSF . 璺 . 璺 . . , . , 䒺 NSFNET , , . NSFNET 䒺 20000 . , NSFNET ARPANET . ARPANET, , 1990 . CSNET, , , 䒺 NSFNET. CSNET 1991 .
䒺 . 1987 Merit Network Inc. NSFNET. Merit Network Inc. IBM Corporation MCI Communication Corporation NSFNET, NSFNET Backbone ( ), 13 , ᒺ T1 1.45 /. NSFNET ANS (Advanced Network & Services, Inc), , NSFNET: Merit Network Inc, IBM Corporation, MCI Communication Corporation.
NSFNET INTERNET. . NSFNET 18 . , T3 45 Mbps.
INTERNET.
INTERNET 䒺 . . INTENET , , 볺. . ʳ INTERNET . EUNET.
INTERNET
ϳ , INTERNET
INTERNET
INTERNET
, 1999 60% INTERNET . , , INTERNET. INTERNET. 2 INTERNET 2000 .
1
INTERNET.
1995
2000
ʳ , Web
16.1
163
ʳ , Web
12.6 .
233.3 .
NTERNET
24%
28%
ʳ Web
3000 .
- , , INTERNET. INTERNET, , INTERNET . INTERNET , , INTERNET 䳿. INTERNET , NSFNET, , , , . Federal Networking Council (FNC) - , ᒺ NREN. INTERNET, NSFNET, Advanced Network & Services,Inc. (ANS), : Merit Network Inc., IBM Corporation, MCI Communications Corporation. NSFNET , , , , 䒺 NSFNET. , , TCP/IP INTERNET Society - , , , , . 1991 INTERNET CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange).
INTERNET.
, NSFNET, , INTERNET. , (Acceptable use policy). NSFNETs Acceptable Use Policy, NSFNET , . ϳ , ..