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64 2.

65

.

1. : ,

, . , , , . . , , , , , 1 (Walker & Heyns, 1962). , , , , (White, 1957, in Allen, 1965; Israel, 1963). , ( ) (. . , , (Allen, 1975)).

, - (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). , , , , , (Jones et al, 1958). (Allen, 1965). ,

1 ( ) . . .

. , , . , , .

- (Festingeretal., 1950), (Back, 1951) (Schachter, 1951), , , (Allen, 1965; Shaw, 1976). , , 15 (+0,54) , (Lott & Lott, 1961). ( ), , , (Sherif & Sherif, 1956). , : (Scherif & Scherif, 1960).

, , , , . , (Downing, 1958), , (Harper, 1961, in Allen, 1965), . , . , . , (Boyanovsky & Allen, 1973). ,

66 2.

67

, . (, , , ), , (Walker & Heyns, 1962). , , , , (Jackson & Salzstein, 1958). : , , , , , , , , , , , .

, , , , , , , , , , , . , , (Boyanovsky & Allen, 1973). (Gerard, 1953; Linde & Patterson, 1964). , (), ( ), , . :

, . () , ; , ; , ,

. , (, ), . . (Allen & Wilder, 1977, p. 188).

2.

, , ( 33 5 %), , , . , . , , , , (Keisler & Pallak, 1975; Moscovici & Lage, 1976; . 4). , (Allen, 1965, 1975; Tanford & Penrod, 1984). , , , ( , 4-5 , ; . Gerard et al., 1968), , , . (Gerard et al., 1968), - (Wilder, 1977) , , . , .

, (Allen, 1975), : , % , -, , , ( , ), .

68 2.

69

, . , , , , , (Nemeth & Chiles, 1988) . , , , , , , .

, (Kelley, 1967). :

. , , . (Asch, 1951) , , , (Allen, 1975, . 19).

, : , . ; , . , - (Newtson et al., 1973, . : Allen, 1975), - (Oakes et al., ), , , . (. 4).

, , (. . ), , , .

3. ( )

, , , . . . , , (Asch, 1956), - (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955), , (. Allen, 1965, ). , , , (Maass & Clark, 1984; Moscovici & Lage, 1976). , , ߻, (Tetlock & Manstead, 1985). , , : , , (Allen, 1965). : , , , , , , , (Allen, 1965, . 146). , , , - (Brown, 1985, . 27).

4. ( )

, , , -

70 2.

71

, , . : - - (Asch, 1956). , , , (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). (Festinger, 1954), (Allen & Wilder, 1977) , , , . ( ), , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , .

, , ( . . .) (Crut-chfield, 1955; Wiener, 1958), (Kel-ley & Lamb, 1957). , (Wiener et al., 1957). , , , , , (Allen, 1965).

5.

, . . , , , , , (Allen, 1965). , , , . , , , . , , . , , () , . , , (), . .

6.

, , . ( ), ( ), , : . . , , . , , (Bochner & Insko, 1966). -

72 2.

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, , : , , , , , .

, . , , . . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . . , . , , . ? ?

, , , , . , , ? - ,

, ? , , . , , , . .

1. Allen, V. L. (1965). Situational factors in conformity. L. Ber-kowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 133-175. New York. Academic Press. , 1960- .

2. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. , , , .

3. Goethals, G. R. & DarleyJ. M. (1987). Social comparison theory: Self-

evaluation and group life. In: B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (eds), Theories of group behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag. , 1954 .

4. Latane, . & Darley, J. . (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why

doesn 't he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. , , , , .

5. Levine, J. M. (1989). Reaction to opinion deviance in small groups. P. B. Paulus (ed.), The psychology of group influence, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbraum Associates. , .

, , (James Stoner) 1961 . , , . CDQ (Choice Dilemma Questionnaire ) , . , () . , , . 12 CDQ, , , . .

1960- 1970- , .

CDQ , , , , . , (Doise, 1969, 1971; Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969). , , .

CDQ, , (Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969). -, , , . , , , , . , , , , (Myers & Bishop, 1970, 1971). , , , , (Fraser et al., 1971). , (Gouge & Fraser, 1972). : , , (Myers & Lamm, 1976, p. 603).

, , , . , , ,

76 3.

. , - , , (Myers & Bishop, 1970), , , .

, , , . , , , , , . . - , , , . : , . (+0,9) , (Myers, 1982; Teger & Pruitt, 1967).

, . - , , , (Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969, pp. 126, 134).





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