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2-2 , . 2-2 , 3% (), - , 100% (Andrew et al., 1991; Romo et al.. 1996). , 2-2 , , . , , 3% . , 100% = 2-2 (1.01 * - 0.45) () (100-3) : 0.000103 * + 0.00464 ( ). , ; , 3% 0.0046 3% ( 2-10). , 3% , 2-2 .

(2-10)

(/)= [1.01 () - 0.45] + 0.0046 ( - 3)

= , / =

.

, (/) = (/).

2-3 , (Vermorel and Coulon, 1998). 2-3. 40% (=1.76 /) ^.49, 90% (=3.97 /). 0.53.


, , . , , and Tyrrell (1972) (.1) .

1 (/) = [0.703 (/)] - 0.19 (2-11)

, . 0.80 [ (.) = 0.05; = 3; (Andrew et al., 1991% Romo et al.. 1996)]. , , (| , . : (0.097* + 0.19) / 97 3% ( 2-12). 3%. 2-11.

(/) = 0.703 -0.19

+ ([(0.097

+ 0.19/97] [-3])

(2-12)

/ - . , (/) = 0.8* (/).

(), (NRC,1996) . ( ) 3- () 1( ) 0.82, (NRC, 1996). , (Garrett, 1980):

= 1.37 -0.138 2

+ 0.0105 3- 1.12 (2-13)

= 1.42 -0.174 2

+ 0.0122 1- 1.65 (2-14)

, /.

. = ('0.80)



. ( ) 0.55%. 100 10.

1989 .

, 15-1 , (3- ) 7-1 (NRC, 1989). , 1-15 2% , . , , , . , , , ; , 1989 .. , , 16% , 25% . . , ; () (50 22%), (13 3%) () (23 43%). , , . , , . - , , . . , .

, , 6- (NRC, 1989) , , 5% (Weiss, 1998) 5-7% (Vermorel and Coulon, 1998) . , , ,

20


Weiss (1 998), 5 1.5%. Dhiman et al. (1995) , ( ) . , , 2-12 +5.6% - 7.3%, 0%. 4- , Tyrerll and Varga (1987). ( 2-11) 1.3 5.1% , ( 2.8%). 4- , Wilkerson and Glenn (1997) 7% 1.2% , ( 3.%).

, , , . . , , . , . ( - (), . , , , , , , 2-12 - .

(Flatt et al., 1965) , 0.073 / "-75 . , 10% , , -


. 2.


, 0.80 /0.75.

8-10% (Van Es, 1961). - (1996) 0.077 /"7" () . , 85%, 0.065 /"75. NRC (1996) 1.2. 0.079 /"7\ 0.80 / ')7>, .

, . . Tyrrell etal..(1991) -. . , , , , , , .

. () , , . (, ). , , , , 9.29, 5.71 3.95 /. , . , , 4.85% .

, , (N*6.38) , , 7% () (DePeters etal.,1992). 50% , , , , , , (DePeters et al., 1992). , 2.21 / . , ( )


5.47 /. , 5.31, , (Tyrrell and Reid, 1965). , :

(/)=0.0929 % ■ 0.0547

% + 0.0395 % (2-15)

, 4.85%, :

(/) = 0.0929 5 - 0.05447
% + 0.192 (2-16)

, , , 0.0547 0.0563, . (Gaines, 1928) 4- (4 % , / = 0.4 , / ■+- 15 . ) , 70 , . 0.749 / , 4%. NRC 1989 . 0.74 /, ( and Tyrrell, 1972), 0.749/ 4% , . , , 3%. . Tyrrell Reid (1965):

(2-17)

(/ ) = 0.360 + [0.0969(% )]

. , . , , , , .



(Baldwin, 1968; Dado at al., 1993). , . , Mertens and Dado (1993) 81, 89 77%, , 64% , ( and Tyrrell, 1972). , , , (Baldwin et al., 1987), . , , , .

10% , , . , , , : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) , . , , , . 0.00045 / ( , () 1980; Bellows et al..19944 Coulon et al., 1998). - , , , , . , , 0.00045 / . , . 600 , 0.5 2 (2 ), 0.54 5% .

, (Holmes et al. 1978; Havstad and Malechek,1982)


, - 0.003 / 0.002 / . , . NRC , , , 60% ( ). ( ) 0.0012/ . , , , , . , 0.00045 / , 0.0012 . , 600 . ( 60"/ ), 0.5 2 , 2 / . 2 0.00045 600 = 0.54 0.0012 600 0.7 1.2 / ( 12%) ).

, , . , , . (1980) , 0.03 , 1 . , . , 200 ( 50 4 ). , 0.006 / . , . , , 0.5 , (0.00045 600 2) + (0.0012 600) * 0.006 600 = 4.9 / 50%. , , ,


. 2.


, .

, , . , , . , . (CSIRO, 1990) , 20% 50% . , , . '( NRC (1996). . , 600 . 15 (65% ), (2-3 ), 4-4.4 /. , . , - ( ). 0.00045 / . . Havstad and Valechek (1982) , 3.9 , . , 2 , , ( 2 /). , 0.00045 2 - 0.0009 / . , , , , 0% (0.0016 ). ( /) (0.0016 ) + (0.0009 ). , , . 0.006 / . , 300 , (0.0009 300) + (0.0016 300) + (0.006 300) = 2.6 ( ( 40%).


, , . , , . . . (NRC, 1989) , 10% , . , , , . , , , oi , 10% ( ) , 50% ( , ) .

, , . , , , , . Young (1976) , 1.8% 10 20". (Kennedy et al.. 1976). - , , , , , . NRC (1981), 7 25% ( 600 0.7 2.4 ); , , . (West.. 1994). , , ( , , ), . , ( , , ) (Fox and Tylutki, 1998), . .



- , . , , .





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