., : , , , . , (Jerred et al. 990; Schingoethe and Casper. 1991). Chilliard (1993) , , ( 4.5% ) ( 4 11 ), , 0.31 / . ( 8 11-24 ; 3.6% ) ( 7 , 5 ; 3.4% ), 0.72 0.65 /; . (drummer, 1994) , ( 2.3% ) ( 2.65% ).
, 1.1 0.1 /, . 35 /. 40 / . , (Palmquist, 1983; Jenkins. 1994). Kronfeldt (1976) , , 16% . 600-700 (Jenkins, 1997). , 3.5 ( ) . 700 , 3.5 , , 80% 75% (Jenkins, 1997). , 23 , 700 , 3% . , . . , . , . (Allen. 2000), , , . Sanches et al.,(1998) , ' . , , - (Allen. 2000). , ( ), , (Allen. 2000). 2.5% . , 50% , - . . , , 2% . , .
|
|
, ( , ). , , (Draekley et al.,1992; Christensen et al.,1998; Firkins and Easindge. 1994; Bremmer et al.,1998). . , . () , . , , (Grummer et al.. 1990). , .
. , . . , , (Sutton, 1980; DePeters, 1993). , ( ) , . - . (. .9; Davis and Brown, 1970; Gaynor et al.,1994).
(, -101.1 -0.6381 + 0.0141;, = [( / , %) 100] - . %); Wu and Huber. 1994). , (DePeters and Cant, 1992). , . 83 ( ), Wu and Huber. (1994). 65 26 . 15 26 , , . , , . . 20 , 11 (Staples et al.,1998).
|
|
34
17%. , . . . , . , , , F.,, (Staples et al., 1998). 20 , Staples et al. (1998) . , , . , . , - , - (Hawkins et al., 1995). Staples et al. (1998) , , , F2i . , 6-7%. ', (Schauffand Clark, 1992). . , , , , , , . 6% , , , (Jerred et al., 1990; Chilliard, 1993). 3% . 3-4% . - , , , . ' , (Tillman and Brethour, 1958; Steele, 1983;
__________________________________ . 3.
Palmquist and Conrad, 1978; Rahnemaetal. 1994; Zinn and Shen. 1996). , . (Sukhija and Palmquist, 1990). . , , , 14, . , , , , .
|
|
REFERENCES 3
Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle..1. Dairy Sci. 83:1958-1624.
Bickerstaffe, R., D. E. Noakes. and E. F. Annison. 1972. Quantitative aspects of fatty acid biohydrogenation. absorption and transfer of milk fat in the lactating goat, with special reference to the cis- and trans-isomers of octadecenoate and linoleate. Biochem. J. 120:607-609.
Borsting, F., M. R. Weisbjerg, and T. Hvelplund. 1942. laity acid digestibility in lactating cows fed increasing amounb of protected vege-table oil, fish oil, or saturated fat. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. A, Animal Sci. 42:148-156.
Bremmer, D. R., L. D. Ruppert, J. H. Clark, and J. K. Drackley. 1998. Effects of chain length and unsaturation of fatty acid mixtures infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:176-188.
Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: a review. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.
Christensen, R. A., J. K. Drackley, D. W. LaCouni. and J. H. Clark. 1994. Infusion of four long-chain fatty acid mixtures into the abomasums of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1052-1064.
Davis, C. L., and R. E. Brown. 1970. Low-fat milk syndrome. Pp. 545-565 in Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. A. T. Phillipson, ed. Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press Limited.
DePeters, E. J. 1993. Influence of feeding fat to dairy cows on milk composition. Pp. 199-215 in Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. for Feed Manu-facturers. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
DePeters, E. J.. and.1. P. Cant. 1992. Nutritional factors
60-70% . - . -, - . , . . () , , .
()
, , , , . () . , .
|
|
, () : = 100-(% + % + % + % ), , (Smith, 1981) . Mertens (1988) , , . ( 4-1). . . ( ) (Smith, 1981) , . , ,, . , .
4-1.
()
() (Miller, Hoover, 1998)
* | . |
" | |
18,4 | 7.5 |
22.0 | 12.5 |
16.6 | 13.6 |
41,0 | 34,7 |
67.5 | 6S.7 |
36.2 | 19.5 |
10,0 | 6.4 |
71.8 | 70.6 |
60.7 | 62.0 |
12,0 | |
14,1 | 5.3 |
34.4 | 17.2 |
51.4
43,1
60,9
44.2
13.1
47,3
48,3
13,5
23.2
7,0
66,6
. 48% CI1 9,6
*,% = 100 (,% + ,% -+■ .% +■ .%) ** = (Smith. 1981)1
, , ! . , ! , (Millerl and Hoover, 1998). 4-1 ! , . | , ! , ! , ! . Hall et al.,{ 1999) ! - ()| . ,! - ! , | - ()! . ! : 1) , 2) ! , 3) 4)1 .
4-2.
(Miller, Hoover, 1998)
1 Ickthh | ||||
% | ||||
24,5 | 33,0 | 42,5 | ||
35,4 | 15.2 | 49,4 | ||
71,3 | 28.7 | |||
9,1 | 81.7 | 9,2 | ||
20,9 | 80.0 | |||
33,7 | 1.8 | 64.5 | ||
18,8 | 18.8 | 62,4 | ||
. | ||||
48% | 28,2 | 28,2 | 43.6 |
38
. 4.
- . , 30-40% (Nocek, 1997). , , 2-3% , . : 1) , ; 2) . (), ; 3) , ; 4) () ; 5) 1\ .
, (Sievert and Shaver, 1993, Sutton and Bines, 19N7) Batajoo and Shaver, 1994) , 40 , 30% . KiKHx 36-42% . Nocek and Russell (1988) , , (50:50). - 40%. 30 46". Hoover and Stokes (1991) , 45-50% 25-30", . , , 41,7 46,5% (Minor et al., 1998). 50 100% 1>'). , , . Herrera-Saldana et al (1990) : > > > > . . , , . Lykos and Varga(1995) , , in situ 44.4, 64.5, 75.4%, . , , . , i;ik . (Galyean et
|
|
al.,1981; McAllister et a i., 1 993). , , . , , (Galyean et al., 1979). . , , . , , , , , . Herrera-Saldana and Huber (1989) - , , . McCarthy et al. (1989) and Casper et al.,(1990) , . , , , (Moore et al..1992; Poore et al., 1993). Wilkerson Glenn (1997) , (41.7 39.7 /) (41.8 39.6 /). , , . Lukos et al. (1997) , 6 7.9%/ 2.5 / 130 /. Aldrich et al. (1993) 4% , (81% ). , (Clark, Harshbarger, 1973, Oliveira et al. 1993, 1995). Varga and Kononoff(1999) ' ( 16 , Journal of Dairy Science 1992 1998 .). ( = 0.04). ( =■ 0,40). 1 2.4 .
39
, - () - () , , . - ( .. , ). - , . - , , . , , , , . , , . , . , , , , . ( , ) . , () , . , , . , . , . , () , (Mertens, 1994). Mertens (1994) , 40 / 32% . 20 44%. , , (Oba and Allen, 1999). . , ,
( ) , (.. ). . , , . . () (Nocek, 1997) (Shaver. 1997). .
, (Colenbrander et al.,1991; Hansen et al.,1991; Weiss and Shockey.1990; Clark and Armentano.1993; Depies and Armentano, 1995). , 25% . . ; . ] 16 20% . , , , ( , . ] ). , 25% , 16% ] (Clark and Armentano. 1993; Depies I and Armentano, 1995). ! , ! , . I , ,! 24% , ,! 29 35% (Cummins.! 1992), (Bal et al.. 1997) ! , ! 25 29% . ! , (Mertens.! 1997) ! (Rung et al.. 1992)1 , , ! ) , , ! , -1 . . , ^ !* .
40
. 4.
, , ( ) ( ), 25% . 19% ( 4-3). ( ). , , , , . , . , .
, 25% 19% , (.. , , , ). , , , , , 19% , , .
4-3. (% | ) (% ) , , , ".
i | |||
:' | '' | 4' | |
!1 | 25" | 44" | |
IS | |||
1(1 | |||
" ; . ■' , . , , .
'■ : 100 - (% + % + % + "■)
41
(. ).
"' , (
, ),
44% ,
.
(Allen, 1991). , . , .
NRC () . , , . , , , , , . , . . (Batajoo and Shaver. 1994). , (Bhatti and Firkins, 1995) , . . (Firkins, 1997).
, (Swain and Armentano, 1994, Vaughan et all. 1991. Clark and Armentano, 1993, 1997). , Allen (1997), 0,3 . Firkins (1 9971 , 0.6 , .
, Mertens (1997) , (.. ) 0.4 0,3-0,8 ., . , 50% . 1% ( % ) 19%. 2%,
41
2% ( 4-3). . , (Clark and Armentano, 1993)
, , , , , , .. . (Armentano and Pereira, 1997). , , 33 28% ( 15%). 40 45% ( 11%) (Armentano and Pereira, 1997). , - () . , 25% , 2-9%. (Nocek, 1997). , . , (), . 4-3. .
. , - (, , ), . , , .
Knowlton et al. (1998) , , , , , 27%. , , , 34% (Beauchemin, 1991).
, , . , , ,
, 25% 44% .
.
.
Allen (1997) ,
,
, , 5%,
20 24% ,
1%.
,
3 (Grant et al.,1990a;
Woodford et al.,1986; Shaver et al.,1986).
,
( ) 3 ,
, ,
(Grant et al. 1990 b, Beauchemin. 1994). Allen
(1997),
, 10
3 .
.
,
3 . ,
( ),
.
, (..
,
) , (
) !
. '<■
. , (Sudweeks et al. 1981. Mertens. 1992,1997). (Mertens. 1997). , . , , (Allen, 1997). , , , . , . , , (Allen. 1997)
42
. 4.
. , . , - (Balch. 1971) (Sudweeks et al.,1981; Norgaard,1986). Mertens (1997) . () , . () ( ), .
. Mertens (1997) () , , . , . 1; , , 0,9 0.95; 0,7 0,85. , 22% , 6.0, 20% - 3,4%) .
Mertens (1997) , 1.18 . , . , 1996 , , 1,18 . Buckmaster et al.,(1997) , ( 19 . 8-19 8 ) (Lammers et al., 1996) . , 10% , (Kononoff et al., 1999). , . , ,
. Mertens, (1997) . , , . , (Mertens. 1997). . , , . , . - . , .
. (Erdman, 1988) . 9.
. (). . , .. . , ! , . , . . . , , , (Robinson, 1989). . ( ).
_____________________ % ( = 0,89, syx = 1,4, N-2425) |
, , (Cassel et all, 1984; Robinson, 1989; Maltz et al.,1992). , ; (. 4-3). , . , . , , (Poland et al.,1986; Berzaghi et al.,1996), (Holden et al. 1995) , . , , , . , ( ) ( ) , (Meijs, 1986; Garnsworthy, 1990). , , , (Holden et al, 1995). , , . , ; , 4-3 . ((Holden et al., 1995) , , ( ), .
, ; , -sa . , 4-3 . . , , , :
, , % = - 1,15+0,62 .
, , %
= 6,89 + 0,50 ,
% ( =0,62, syx =3,1, N=722)
, , % = - 0,73 + 0.82 % ( =0.84, N=2899)
, 4-3. . 15-1, , . , . , .
REFERENCES 4
Aldrich, . ., L. D. Muller, G. A. Varga, and L. . Griel, Jr. 1993. Nonstructural carbohydrate and protein effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient flow, and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1091-1105.
Allen. M. S. 1991. Carbohydrate nutrition. Vet. din. North. Am. Food Anim. Prod. 7:327-340. ■
Allen, M. S. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid I production in the rumen and the requirement for physically j effective fiber. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1447-1462.
Armentano, L., and ML Pereira. 1997. Measuring the effectivenessl of fiber by animal response trials. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1416-1425.
Bal, M. A., J. G. Coors, and R. D. Shaver. 1997. Impact oi' the I maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on I intake, digestion, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2497-| 2503.
Balch, . 1971. Proposal to use time spent chewing as an index! of the extent to which diets for ruminants possess the physical property of fibrousness characteristics of roughages. Br. J. Nuti.l 26:383-392.
Batajoo, K. K., and R. D. Shaver. 1994. Impact of nonfiber] carbohydrate on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy] cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1580-1587.
Beauchemin. K. A. 1991. Effects of dietarv neutral determent fiber!
44
, , (), , (N) 6.25. , N 16 100 . , (N) (). , , () . , , .