.


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Mertens (1994) ,


7



() . , , . Dado and Allen (1995) : 35% - , , 25% . , , Allen (2000) 15 , 25% . , , , , , .

, , 2- . Rayburn Fox (1993) , , , , , 4% . , 25 42% , , 1%, .

. Allen (2000) , , . , , 20% , 40 60% . (< 0.01) , . . - , , , .

Llamas-Lamas and Combs (1991) 3- ( ) (86:14, 71:29, 56:44). , 2- . Petit and Veira (1991)


1.3 1.8% ( 63:37 54:46) , , , . Johnson and Combs (1992): , 72% (2:1 ) 2.7 , , 50% . , 60% CBI1.

, . (Baile and Forbes, 1 974; Mertens, 1987; NRC, 1989) . , (Gagliostro and Chillard, 1991). (Paimquist and Jenkins (1980); Chalupa et al.,1984, 1986). . Allen (2000) , , . '1 (Allen, 2000). , 5-6% , 3 2.3% ! . , . Smith et al., (1993) , , , . Paimquist and Jenkins (1981) , , . , Allen, (2000) , , . , , . , .


8


. 1.


(Allen, 2000; Elliot et al..(1996); Chan et al., (1997); Garcia-Bojalil et al.,(1998); Jenkins and Jenny. 1989; Rodriges et al., 1997) (Pantoja et al.,1996; Skaar et al., 1989) . , (Allen, 2000).

, ,

Dado and Allen (1994) . 12 22 45 / 9 . b 11 6 , . ( 300 ./) ( 11/) , , (2.3 1.7). (13 14.5 /), 5 , .

. , , . , , - . , , , (Wierenga, 1990). Phelps and Drew (1992) 725 305 , . 1 . , , , , (Albright, 1993). ,


, (Friend and Polan. 1974). , , (Olofsson. 1999).

1993 . Albright (1993) 46 . Friend et al.. (1 977) 50. 40. 30. 20. 10 7 700 10 000 . , (3.7 /) 10 (. 1-2).

20 10 , . , , , , , () 24 .

1-2.

,
50 40 30 20 10

 

, . 3.82 3.73 3.73 3.76
       
0.46 0.32 0.30 0.6"
% , % 21.5 26.9 34.6 51,9
, 17.5 17,6 17. 16.9

. Longenbach et al., (1999) , - , , ( 4 8 .) 1 5 . 17 21 47 , - .

, . Albright (1993) , , 17% , . , , .


 


5 20. . , . Young (1983) , . , - . , , , , .

- . Holter et al.,(1997) , ( 22%), (9%) , . 55% - 7 25% , (NRC, 1981). 35" , - . , , 24 (. 1978).

-

, . , , , . () . , . , , , . , - . ,


. Maltz et al.,(1992) , , (32.7 32.7 ) (19.7 20.4 /) 20 . , , .

, . Gibson (1981) , 16% 19% . , . 35 . Gibson (1984) , 4- 7.3% 2.7%. , Sniffen and Robinson (1984). . Robinson and McQueen (1994) 2 2-5 , , 5 , 2 Klusmeyer et al.,(1990) , , 2- 4- . 2-6 , , , . (Macleod et al.,1994). . , , , 2- . , . Macleod et al.,(1994) . , 6 , , 2 , , , .


10


. 1.


Sniffen and Robinson (1984) , . , 6 , , . , . , , . . 2- (Macleod et al.,1994; Nocek.1992), , , . .

, . Dado and Allen (1994) , (63 ) 23 44 5 . 9 13 ( 11) , 29 . 10% , 15 27 / . 22 24- . , , 5 . Martinsson (1992) Martinsson and Burstedt (1990) , 8 25 5-7% , .

REFERENCES

Albright, J.L. 1993. Feeding behavior of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.

76:485-498.


Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624.

Allen, M. S. 1996. Physical constrains on voluntary intake of forages by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 74:3063-3075.

Baile, A., and J. M. Forbes. 1974. Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiol. Rev. 54:160-214.

Baile, C. A., and C. L. McLaughlin. 1987. Mechanisms controlling feed intake in ruminants: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 64:915-922.

Bauman, D. E. 1992. Bovine somatotropin: Review of an emerging animal technology. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3432-3451.

Baumont, R. 1996. Palatability and feeding behavior in ruminants. A review. Ann. Zootech. 45:385-400.

Chalupa, W., B. Rickabaugh, D. S. Kronfeld, and D. Sklan. 1984. Rumen fermentation in vitro as influenced by long-chain fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1439-1444.

Chalupa, W., B. Vecchiarelli, A. E. Elser, D. S. Kronfeld. D. Sklan, and D.L. Palmquist. 1986. Ruminal fermentation in vivo as influenced by long-chain fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1293-1301.

Chan, S. C, J. T. Huber, K. H. Chen. J. M. Simas, and Z. Wu. 1997. Effects of ruminally inert fat and evaporative cooling on dairy cows in hot environmental temperatures. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1172-1178.

Chase, L. E. 1979. Effect of high moisture feeds on feed intake and milk production in dairy cattle. Proc, Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manu. p. 52-56.

Conrad, H. R., A. D. Pratt, and J. W. Hibbs. 1964. Regulation of feed intake in dairy cows. 1. Change in importance of physical and physiologi-cal factors with increasing digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 47:54-62.

Coppock, C. E. 1978. Nutrient considerations in feeding. C. J. Wilcox, H. H. Van Horn, B. Harris, Jr., H. H. Head, S. P. Marshall. W. W. Thatcher, D. W. Webb, and J. M. Wing (eds.). In Proc. Large Dairy Herd Management. Gainesville. Univ. Presses of Florida.

Dado, R. G., and M. S. Allen. 1994. Variation in and relationships among feeding, chewing and drinking variables for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:132-144.

Dado, R. G., and M. S. Allen. 1995. Intake limitations, feeding behavior, and rumen function of cows challenged with rumen fill from dietary fiber of inert bulk. J. Dairy Sci. 78:118-133.

Eastridge. M. L, H. F. Bucholtz, A. L. Slater, and S. Hall. 1998. Nutrient requirements for dairy cattle of the national research council versus some commonly used software. J. Dairy Sci. 81:3049-3062.


11


. 2.

2


(). ( and Tirrell. 1972) (') , () (0,62) ) (0.64) ( and Tirrell, 1972), (Flatt et al.. 1965). . , () , , ( ) .





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