up
NRC . 1971 . 6-8 . 1978 . . 4% , 2 4% . NRC, 1989 . :
()
(1- |
() =
1)
(/)
() , . 18% 3- 0.02 100 1% . 1989 ( ). , ( , , ) . - , , .
, (Fuentes-Pila et al.,1996; Roseler et al., 1997a. , . , Hotter and Urban (1992, 1997) , .
. , . , , , . , , , .
, 5962 11125 - , 10 - , 1988 1997 . 1 80 1 40 . Roseler et al.,(1997b) and May (1994) NRC 1989 . Rayburn and Fox (1993).
|
|
(-0.27 /) (3.31 : /) Rayburn and Fox (1993) , Roseler et al..(1997b). :
(/) = (0.372 +0.0968 (|") (1-'-'""-*"" '"-")
(1-2)
= 4% , /, = , , = ' . 1-1*" IW*(HJ1 -V('7i)_ . 1-2 { .
1-2 - I 10 Kertz et al.,(1991). . - , Holter et al.,(1996). . (-0.16 / 3.05 /) (0.12 / 3.20 ') . .
, 17 , , .
( 5 20"). Eastridge et al.,(1998) and Holter et al.,(1997) , 20". 1-2 , - , . 1-2 , . Eastridge et al., (1998) , . : 20", * (1- (("-20)* 0.005922)) 5"- /(1 -((5-")* 0.004644)). 1-2 , .
. 1.
60 625 . 40 . Quigley et al. (1986) Stallings et al. (1985) , NRC (1996) , , , . Quigley et al. (1986) (NRC, 1996) . , , Stallings et al. (1985) , . Stallings et al. (1985), , , 350 , Quigley et al. (1996) , NRC (1996), ( 1-1).
|
|
1-1.
CKO*, / 1.47 1.90 1.48 |
, /
-0.32 -1.32 -0.51 |
Quigley ct al. (1986)
Stalling ctal.(1985) NRC (19%)
■"
, :
(/) = (075 (0.2435
- 0.0466 2
- 0.1128)/), (1-3)
- , ; - (/).
, , . 1-3 21 ( 9-1, 9). 260 261 .
1-3, , : [1+((210-)*0.0025)], - . 3 .
, , . 1-3. Hoffman et al. (1994) , , , , - , .
, Chase (1979) . NRC 1989 . , . , () 50%, 0.02% 1% . Kellems et1.,(1991) - . Holter and Urban (1992) 320 , 30 70% , , 50%. , , , . (78, 64, 52, 40% ) (<0.01) , . (Lahr et al.,1983). , 35, 45 60%. (Robinson et al.,1990). .
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