.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





100 Bell et al, (1995). 0 , 190 279 ( ). Bell et al. (1995) - , . . NRC , , , 45 Bell et al. 0.14 / (Ferrell et al., 1976). :

(/) = [(0 / 003 18 - 0.0352)
(/45)] /0.14 (2-18)

- 190 279 - .

0.64, :

(/) = [(0.00318 - 0.0352)

(/45)]/0.218 (2-19)

, - 190 279 , - .

( 11) , . , , . (

24


) , , .

. , , , - (Ferguson and Otto. 1989). . , . , . , , (Andrew et al.. 1 994.1 995: Komaragiri and Erdman,1997, 1998; Chillard et al.. 1991; Gibb et al., 1 992). , ( ) (Tyrrell et al.,1988; Brown et al.,1989: McGuffey et al.,1991) , , . , 4-6 , . . , , , , .

. Andrew et al.,(1994); Gibb et al.,(1992) , , 40% 5-12 . , , () . 15% . (Chillard et al.,1991) , 4 . , , 2.5 (Komaragiri and Erdman, 1997. 1998; Gibb et al.. 1992). - , , , ,



 



. , , . , , . , 72.8% , 21.5% 5.7% (Andrew et al.,1994,1995; Komaragiri and Erdman,1997,l 998; Chillard et al.. 1991; Gibb et al.,1992). - 72.91, 21.64 5.34%, Reid (1955).

NRC (1996) Fox et al., 1 999), , (, ) , . () , .


9 (9), 1 9
, 106 ,
. ,
(9)
( 2-20), ,
2-21, ) .
65. 52 66% , ,
, .

= 0.037683 (9) (2-20)


= 0.200886-0.0066762 (2-21)

1 9, .. (9), 1 5 (Wildman et al., 1982; Edmonson et al.,1989). 1 5, 1 9:

(9) - (( - 1) 2) + 1 (2-22) 2-20 2-21 , . 28 , , 9.2 5.57 (Andrew et al..l991). 9.4 5.55 /, - (Garrett.1987). 9.4 5.55 . , 1 , :

(/) =
9.4 +
5.55 (2-23)

1 2-4. ,

26


. 0.82. , . :

(/)

= ( 2-23) 0.82 (2-24)

0.60% - 0.75% ( et al.. 1971). 0.64 0.75%, , . 1 :

(/

= ( 2-23)

(0.64/0.75) (2-25)

, (0.64 / 0.60). - , , , , - . , 2-4.

, . . ( 5- ) 13.7% (Fox et al.,1999). 0.851 ; = 0.96 ; , =0.817 . 3 ( 5- ) (1.00), ( ) (. 2-4). , 600 3 ( 513 ) 518 (600 0.863. . 2-4) 2. -, (. 2-4) , ( ) ( ) , , (). . 1 , , . .

2-4. i () (). (). (), (), , 1


. 2.

  % .     , Ki
          (%) /, / npnpoci
    " 1 '
1.U 3,77 19.42 7,46 69,35 72,6 5,14   3,60
1 N 7,54 18.75 7,02 66,69 79,4 5.72(5,14) 3.44 4.01
2.(1 11,30 18,09 6,58 64,03 86.3 6.41(5.72) 3.83 4.5(1
2.5 15.07 17.42 6,15 61,36 93,1 6,98(6,41) 4.29 4.90
VU 18,84 ! 6,75 5,71 58,70 100,0 7.61 (6,98) 4.68 5.34
> 5 22.61 16.0S 5,27 56,04 106,9 8,32(7,61) 5.10 5,84
-1.(1 26.38 15.42 4,83 53,37 113,7 8.88(8,32) 5,57 6,23
4.5 30.15 14,75 4,43 50.71 120,6 9.59(8,88) 5.95 6.73
\(| 33.41 14,08 3,96 48,05 127,4 (9,59) 6.43  

= 0.817 . " 1 , 0.5 . , 1 0.5 .

1 1 1 ( 0.855) 0.82 1.12 .

Otto et al.(1991) (Fox., 1999). , 56 1 5. 0.95 1.6%. 84.6 , ( = 0.96). (84.6 / ) 80 . 82 , . , , . , 5.47 / 3.0 2.0. 6 / (Gibb et al.,1992; Komaragiri and Erdman, 1997; Andrew et al., 1994; Tamminga 1981). NRC 1989 . (NRC, 1989). 4.36 / 1.5, 7.59 / 4.5, (


) (CSIRO, 1990) 3.0 7.1, . 3 2 68 /, 135, 138 160 / CSIRO ((1990), AFRC (1993b), NRC (1989).

, , . . , 5- , Wildman et al, 1982), 1 , 5, . , , . Edmonson et al., 1 989) 5- 8 . , ( ) . , , . 0.5 1.0 60 . 650 ( 4) 417 (.2-5). 564 4% .


 


2-5. ()

 

iimi              
      ()      
  -              
    , '    
                 
                 
                 
                 
    , "          
  2X7              
2                
                 
                 


' ., , Brown, D. L., S. J. Taylor, E. J. DePeters. and R. L. Baldwin. 1989.

. , Influence of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine

400 3 245 soma-totropin) on body composition of lactating cattle..1. Nutr.

. 119:633-638.
" . ,

. , Chillard. Y., M. Cisse. R. LeFaivre, and . Remond. 1991. Body

600 3 459 .,, composi-tion of dairy cows according to lactation stage,

. somatotropin treatment, and concentrate supplementation. J.

Dairy Sci. 74:3103-3116.


REFERENCES 2

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Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624.

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Andrew. S. M., R. A. Erdman, and D. R. Waldo. 1995. Prediction of body composition from deuterium oxide and urea dilution in dairy cows at three physiological stages. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1083-1095.

Andrew, S. M., D. R. Waldo, and R. A. Erdman. 1994. Direct analysis of body composition of dairy cows at three physiological stages. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3022-3033.

Baldwin, R. L. 1968. Estimation of theoretical calorific relationships as a teaching technique. J. Dairy Sci. 51: 104.

Baldwin. R. L.. J. France, and M. Gill. 1987. Metabolism of the cow 1. Animal elements of a mechanistic model. J. Dairy Res.

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Bellows, R. A., R. E. Short, and R. B. Staigmiller. 1994. Exercise and induced-parturition effects on dystocia and rebreeding in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1667-1674.

Brown, L. D. 1966. Influence of intake on feed utilization. J. Dairy Sci. 49:223-230.


Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). 1990. Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock: Rumi-nants. East Melbourne. Victoria, Australia. CSIRO Publications.

Colucci, P. E., L. E. Chase, and P. J. Van Soest. 1982. Feed intake, digestibility, and rate of paniculate passage in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 65:1445-1456.

Coulon, J. .. P. Pradel. T. Cochard, and B. Poutrel. 1998. Effect of extreme walking conditions for dairy cows on milk yield, chemical composition, and somatic cell count. J. Dairy Sci. 81:994-1003.

Crampton, E. W., L. E. Lloyd, and V. G. MacKay. 1957. The calorie value of TDN. J. Anim. Sci. 16:541-552.

Dado, R. G., D. R. Mertens, and G. E. Shook. 1993. Metabolizable energy and absorbed protein requirements for milk component production. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1575-1588.

DePeters, E. J., J. D. Ferguson, and L. D. Baker. 1992. Nonprotein |
nitrogen and protein distribution in the milk of cows. J. Dairy I
Sci. 75:3192-3209.)

Dhiman, T. R., J. Kleinmans, N. J. Tessmann. H. D. Radloff. and L. D. Satter. 1995. Digestion and energy balance in lactating dairy cows fed varying ratios of alfalfa silage and grain. J. Dairy Sci. 78:330-341.

Edmonson, A. J., 1. J. Lean, L. D. Weaver. T. Farver. and G. Webster. 1989. A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:68-78.

Ferguson, J. D., and K. A. Otto. 1989. Managing body condition in cows. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. Conf. pp. 75-87.

Ferrell. L.. W. N. Garrett, N. Hinman, and G. Grichting. 1976. Energy utilization by pregnant and nonpregnant heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 42:937-950.

Flatt, W. P., . . Coppock, and L. A. Moore. 1965. Energy balance studies with dry, non-pregnant dairy cows consuming pelleted forages. Proc. 3"' Symp. Energy Metab. on Farm Anim. EAAP Publ. 11:131.


28


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