,
X. , , , . 1980 . <> < > . , <> < > MS-DOS, < > .
<> . , < > <>. <> , . < >.
, - , <> , - . < >, < ( 31 ), , , - , , <>.
, , . 1985 ., <> <> <>, <> , <> <-II>, <>. , <> , <-II>, , .
. , <> : < , >. . . , . , , , < > , <> .
: Brenton R. Schlender,. The Wall Street Journal, September 25,1987, pp. 1,20.
|
|
1. ? ?
2. ?
3. , ?
1. Anthony Jay, Management and Machiavelli. New York: Holt. Rinehan and Winston, 1967; Michael Korda, Power! (New York: Random House. 1975).
2. Henry Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); David C. McClelland,, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 24 (1970), pp. 40-41.
3. Alan Filley, Robert J. House, and Stephen Kerr, Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior, 2nd ed. (Glenview, III.: Scott, Foresman, 1976), p. 211.
4. David Katz and Robert L. Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organizations (New York: Wiley, 1966), chap. 11.
5. Peter F. Drucker, The Practice of Management (New York: Harper & Row, 1954), pp. 159-160.
6. John D. Miner, The Management Process (New York: Macmillan, 1973).
7. John P. Kotter,, Harvard Business Review, July-August 1977, p. 128.
8. . . Mayes and R. W. Alien,, Academy of Management Review, October 1977, pp. 672-678.
9. Robert Biersted,, American Sociological Review, vol. 15 (December 1950), pp.
10. R. M. Emerson, American Sociological Review, vol. 27 (1962), pp. 31-40.