-
- , 5000 . () , 2800 . . ., , . (1728-1686 . . .). .
, .
, , , , . ( - ) , .
, . , - .
, , . (. . 0.2) . XIV ( , - Grut).
. . , , . XIV . , , . , .
XV , , . , , . , , .
|
|
- . , , . - , , , . 12 1434 . Statuta thaberna . . 1447 . . . 23 1516 . IV X (. 0.4) .
1906 . . , .
. . .
. , , . () ( . lagern - , ) . , , .
1765 . . 1784 ., 1800 . . , 1846 . 1 . . 1871 . 1876 . , .
, 1836 ., . .
(. 0.6), , , - . La fermentation est la vie sans loxygene ( - ), (1860 .).
(. 0.7), 1883 . (. ) , 1893 . , .
|
|
, . , 1842 . , ( Pilsner Urquell) , . Pilsner - . 1875 . (Anheuser-Busch) Budweiser (), . , .
XIX , . , (. 0.8).
. 1843-1875 . , , :
1843 (Schultheiss) , 1- 1,7 , ;
1847 (Carlsberg) , . . , ;
1855 (Patzenhofer) , 1920 . Schultheiss;
1863 (Heineken) , , . . ;
1868 (Dortmunder);
1870 (Binding) --;
1872 (Radeberger);
1872 (Gastwirthe). 1. 1910 . - (Berliner Kindl Brauerei AG), -;
1872 (Löwenbräu AG), ;
1873 (Beck & Co), - Beck & Co, ;
1873 (Dortmunder Union).
. , (Bass Brewery) -- 2,5 , , (Arthur Guiness & Son Co. Ltd.).
. , , , . :
1849 Joseph Schlitz Brewing . . , ;
1850 Plank Road Brewery, 1855 . - Miller Brewing Co. . , ;
1850 Stroh Brewery Co., . , ;
1851 Anheuser, 1875 . - Anheuser-Busch, . -, ;
1858 Gund and Heileman, - Heileman Brewing Co., . ;
1861 Pabst Brewing Co. . , ;
1873 Adolfus Coors Brewing . . , .
XIX . . , , , . :
|
|
Weihenstephan (1865 .), - , ;
(1868 .), - Siebel-Institut of Technology;
(VLB), 1883 .;
(1885);
(Institute of Brewing, IOB), 1886 .;
- (Doemens-Lehranstalten) (1895 .).
, , :
Allgemeine Brauer- und Hopfenzeitung, - Brauwelt ( ), . (1861 .);
Brewer's Journal ( ), . (1869 .);
The American Brewers Gazette ( ), . -, 1871.;
Brewer's Guardian, 1871 .;
The Western Brewer ( ), . , 1876 .;
Wochenschrift für Brauerei, ( ), . , 1883 ., - Brauerei-Forum ( );
Tageszeitung für Brauerei ( ), . , 1903 . .
, , , :
();
();
- (American Society of Brewing Chemists, ASBC) .
, ,
(DBB), 1871 .;
- (DBMB), 1893 .;
;
- () .
, , 60-70- . XIX . , , . , .
1919 . (Prohibition Act) . (Nährbier). - , 1933 ., , . , (, ).
XIX , 1873 . 13561 , 10171 . 36297 , , . 1891 . 7785 ( - ). , . , . , , , . . - (. 0.9) , .
|
|
, - . XX . - . . , , , , .
. , , , .
:
;
.
150 , , , , . , -, .
, , , :
1823 Baird's Malt Ltd. , , ;
1864 Friedrich Weissheimer Malzfabrik , ;
1868 Pauls Malt Ltd. , , ;
1879 Michael Weyermann Malzfabrik , .
XX . . . - .
150 . (1879 .). - , . .
, , - ( , ).
, , . , .
- , .
, , , , .
, , . , . , , , - . .
|
|
, , on-line. . . , , .
. , , , . , - , , .
. , . - , 230. 1000 50 000 7% .
, :
5000 | +41 | ||
10000 | -11 | ||
50000 | -10 | ||
100000 | -5 | ||
200000 | |||
500000 | -7 | ||
1 | +3 | ||
1 | -3 | ||
+8 |
1997 . 114,8 , - 107,545 . . 1993 1999 . 142 -.
15 2,0 :
, | ||||
- | 8,039 | -10 | ||
22,575 | -85 | |||
/ | 4,231 | |||
4,708 | ||||
- | 2,107 | |||
/ | 9,897 | |||
- | 30,205 | |||
- / | 8.845 | |||
8,449 | ||||
- | 2,800 | |||
-/ | 5,514 | -4 | ||
2,716 | ||||
110,087 | -34 |
() :
/ | , | ||
Binding | 9,700 | 9,800 | 9,800 |
Brau und Brunnen AG | 9,067 | 7,981 | 7,550 |
Holsten | 7,110 | 7,100 | 8,455 |
Haus Kramer (Warsteiner) | 6,060 | 5,680 | 5,660 |
Beck & Co, Bremen | 5,383 | 5,437 | 5,580 |
Bitburger Brauerei Th. Simon | 4,887 | 4,955 | 5,133 |
Krombacher Brauerei, Krombacb | 4,570 | 4,610 | 4,830 |
Henninger | 4,544 | 3,999 | 3,925 |
Gilde Brauerei AG Hasseroder | 3,866 | 3,901 | 3,840 |
Karlsberg Verbund Homburg | 3,500* | 3,475 | 3,479 |
Paulauer-Brauerei | 2,466 | 2,686 | 2,752 |
Oettinger | 2,405* | 2,648 | 2,934 |
Veltins GmbH, Meschede | 2,283 | 2,242 | 2,320 |
Konig- Brauerei, Duisburg | 2,257 | 2,032 | 2,178 |
Kulmbacher | 2,132 | 2,242 | 1,988 |
*
1993 . 100 -, , .
, , , 25 :
( ) | |||
Anheuser- Busch Inc. | 113,4 | 120,7 | |
Heineken N. V. | 73,8 | 79,1 | |
Miller Brewing / Philip Morris | 52,9 | 53,0 | |
South African Breweries | 41,8 | 53,0 | |
. Cervejaria Brahma /AmBev | 41,3 | 60,7 | |
Interbrew | 34,7 | 49,0 | |
Carlsberg A/S | 33,7 | 37,0 | |
Cerveceria Modelo S.A. | 29,9 | 31,6 | |
Kirin Brewery Ltd. | 28,8 | 30,1 | |
Asahi Breweries Ltd. | 27,8 | 32,2 | |
Kronenbourg/Danone | 26,8 | ||
Guiness PLC/Diageo | 26,6 | 26,5 | |
Coors Brewing Co. | 24,6 | 24,5 | |
. Antarctica Paulista | 23,5 | ||
Santo Domingo (Bavaria SA) | 23,0 | ||
Femsa (Cuauhtemoc Moct.) | 21,8 | 21,3 | |
Foster's Brewing Group | 21,5 | 21,5 | |
Bass Brewing Ltd. Burton | 19,1 | 16,5 | |
Stroh Brewery | 18,6 | ||
Scottish Courage Ltd. / Scottish & Newcastle | 18,2 | 28,9 | |
Cerveceria Polar C.A. / Empresas Polar | 15,1 | 17,0 | |
San Miguel Corp. | 14,2 | 16,1 | |
Cervejarias Kaiser SA | 13,6 | ||
Quilmes Group | 11,8 | ||
Sapporo Breweries | 11,4 |
, . , Heineken NV 73,8 , 91% . 115 , 50 , 170 .