.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





1.

. .

n × m , , n m .

. (1.1.1)

aik (i = 1, 2, , n; k = 1, 2, , m), , . , .

n m , , n ´ m.

, , .

: , .

, , () , () . ,

 

,

.

n = m, .

, n n , n .

, , , , , .

, , E.

. (1.1.2)

A . A *.

, .

, (A *)* = A. , (A * = A), .

 

1. .

; . (1.2.1)

A B C = A + B , A B, ..

. (1.2.2)

, , .

2. .

A l C = l A, A, l, ..

, (i = 1, 2, , n; k = 1, 2, , m). (1.2.3)

A = (1)× A A. , A + ( A) = 0, 0 , A.

, , , :

(1.2.4)

3. .

A B C = A B, B A.

(1.2.5)

C = A B, A B:

(i = 1, 2, , n; k = 1, 2, , m). (1.2.7)

4. .

A B, , = A × B, cik i A k B.

A B , A B.

; . A × B.

.

 

BA , , .. (2) B ( ) (3) A ( ).

A × B B × A.

, .

 

, A × B ¹ B × A, .. .

:

(1.2.8)

 

1.3. 2 3

, .

A 2 :

. (1.3.1)

A 2 , :

(1.3.2)

3 :

  (1.3.3)

A 3 , :

(1.3.4)

 

 

1

, . .:

det A * = det A (1.4.1)

2

( ) . .

(1.4.2)

3

, , :

(1.4.3)

4

, , :

(1.4.4)

5

:

(1.4.5)

6

, , . :

(1.4.6)

7

, , :

(1.4.7)

8

, , .

(1.4.8)

Mik aik , i k , .

Mik.

M 11 a 11=5 :

M 32 a 32=1 :

Aik aik , +, i + k , , i + k , ..

Aik =(1) i + k Mik. (1.4.9)

A 11 = (1)1+1 M 11 = M 11, A 12 = (1)1+2 M 12 = M 12, A 32 = (1)3+2 M 32 = M 32 ..

9

, .. (1.3.3)

det A = a 11 A 11 + a 12 A 12 + a 13 A 13; det A = a 12 A 12 + a 22 A 22 + a 23 A 23 .. (1.4.10)

:

det A = a 11 A 11 + a 12 A 12 + a 13 A 13.

, det A = 3×7 + (2) ×(10) + 0×(5) = 41.

10

:

a 11 A 21 + a 12 A 22 + a 13 A 13 = 0, a 11 A 13 + a 21 A 23 + a 31 A 33 = 0 .. (1.4.11)

 

n .

A n n! n , .

, n (n!). , n = 4 24 . .

, 4, . 4, 5 9, . , 4 3 . , 8, .

( )

() :

(1.5.1)

(1.5.1) i . .

.

A 4 :

9 det A, , , 3 :

: 2 2 3 ; 2 6 4 .

 

:

(1.6.1)

B A, A × B = B × A = E, E .

, A, A 1.

, , det A ¹ 0, A A 1, :

(1.6.2)

Aik aik A (i, k = 1, 2, , n). :

1. A , A .

2. A det A.

3. .

, :

A 1, .

A det A , :

A 11 = 4, A 12 = (2) = 2, A 21 = 1, A 22 = 3. ,

:

A 1 .

 

(1.1.1), n m . k . k . , k , m n, . . k £ min(n; m). , , . , .

. rang A r(A).

:

1. A , .. k £ min(n; m).

2. , , .. A =0.

3. n r (A) = n , A .

A 4´3, rang A £ 3. , A . , rang A £ 2. , , , 2.

, , . , , .

A , r (A) £ 4. |A| = 0, A , r (A) £ 3. r (A) £ 2. ( ), ( ), ; r (A) £ 1. A , .. , r (A) = 1.

. , .

1. ().

2. () , .

3. (), () ().

4. .

.

 

1.8. .

(1.8.1)

n m x 1, x 2, xm. aij bj (i = 1, 2, , n; j = 1, 2, , m) , (1.8.1).

(1.8.2)

.

, bi (i = 1, 2, , n) , .

x 1 = a1, x 2 = a2, , x m = am, (1.8.1) .

, , . , , . , , , , .

, . , , .

:

x 1 = 0, x 2 = 0, , xm = 0. (1.8.3)

, .

 

1.9. n n .

, (n = m):

(1.9.1)

, ( ) :

(1.9.2)

, , , :

(1.9.3)

, (1.9.4)

Bi (i = 1, 2, , n) A i .

:

:

B 1, B 2, B 3:

 

, :

.

 





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