I
One of the early settlers in California was a rich German whose name was Sutter. He owned a great deal of farm-land with large fruit-gardens, wide wheat fields, and a fort protected by guns. He had thousands of cows and other cattle, sheep, and horses. At the end of the Mexican War (1848) (1) Mr. Sutter wanted to build a saw-mill; so he sent some of his men up a river to begin work. One of the men, while digging, found a few small bits of shining yellow metal. He took them down to the fort, where tests were made to see if the material was gold. It was. Further search showed that there was more of it along the river.
At first Sutter and his men agreed to keep the discovery secret, but soon the news began to spread. The Californians would not believe it for some time. But one day a man came down from Sutter's Fort to San Francisco ["sxnfrqn'sIskqu] with a bottle of gold dust, and shouted, "Gold, goldl" At once people from all over the territory (2) set out for the mining areas. Workers left their jobs, farmers left their crops standing in the fields, soldiers deserted from the army, and sailors deserted from their ships. They all left their families behind.
Many of these first-comers grew rich (3). They found the places where it was easiest to dig out the gold. Many dug from ten to fifty dollars' worth in a day.
At the end of the year 1848 and the beginning of 1849 news began to reach people farther east that gold had been discovered in California. At first they laughed at such a story. But the story was repeated again and again, and finally men began to listen. Within a few months the news spread all over the East. Men sold their houses to get money enough to go to California. Mexicans, British, French, Germans, and men from Asia and all over the world, joined in the rush. Most of them set out in the year 1849, and were therefore called Forty-Niners.
The would-be miners (4) were chiefly young men. Most of them dressed in red flannel shirts, trousers, wide hats, with guns and knives in their belts. They wore not ordinary shoes, but high boots. They let their hair and beards grow long.
When they reached California, the men immediately hurried to the mines. These were along rivers or on the sides of mountains. The men dug up the gravel from the river banks, put it in a pan, and washed the earth away with water. In the bottom of the pan would remain wet sand and usually some gold dust. When the sand was dry, they blew it away (5): the gold, being heavier, remained. They found it hard to dig all day in the hot sun, often standing waist-deep in the ice-cold water of the mountain rivers.
(to be continued)
(1) Mexican War , 1848 . , -.
(2) from all over the territory . all over the East from all over the world .
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(3) first-comers people who came first, .. . To grow rich . to grow , .
(4) the would-be miners . , . would-be, , , , .
(5) to blow away , . to blow 1.
agree [q'gri:] v ;
army ['Q:mI] n
beard [bIqd] n
behind [bI'haInd] prp, adv ,
belt [belt] n
boot [bu:t] n
cattle ['kxtl] n ( )
chiefly ['Ci:flI] adv
cow [kau] n
desert ['dezqt] v ,
discover [dIs'kAvq] v
discovery [dIs'kAv(q) rI] n
farther ['fQ:Dq] adv ;
flannel ['flxnl] n
fort [fO:t] n
further ['fq:Dq]
German ['Gq:mqn] ; n
gravel ['grxv(q) l] n
hair [hFq]
hat [hxt] n
hurry ['hArI] v
immediately [I'mI(:) djqtlI] adv
knife [naIf] . . knives [naIvz] n
metal ['metl] n
mill [mIl] n ;
mine [maIn] n , ,
miner ['maInq] n , ,
mining ['maInIN] n ;
pan [pxn] n , ; , ,
protect [prq'tekt] v ,
repeat [rI'pi:t] v
rush [rAS] n , ; ; gold-rush
sailor ['seIlq] n ,
sand [sxnd] n
saw [sO:] n ; saw-mill
search [sq:C] n ;
set out (for) [set] v (-)
settler ['setlq] n
sheep [Si:p] (pl. ) n
shirt [Sq:t] n
shoe [Su:] n , , ; shoes
soldier ['squlGq] n
territory ['terIt(q) rI] n
trousers ['trauzqz] n
waist [weIst] n , ; waist-deep
wear [wFq], wore [wL], [wac], worn [wL] v ()
wet [wet]
wheat [wi:t] n
within [wI'DIn] prp, adv , , ()
worth [wq:T] ,
, , .
fort, flannel, army, metal, German, territory.
gravel , soldier . :
boot ()
protect
repeat
chief ,
to desert , , . : deserted his wife and children.
discover : cover dis-, ( 23). Further farther far , , . mine, miner, , , , .
search , research ( 20).
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knife (knives) sheep.
to set . - .
, worth:
How much is it worth? ? Don't read this book. It is not worth it. He , . This play is worth seeing. . worth .
1. !
The Caiifornian miners would let their hair and beards grow long. Would you protect us? I would not repeat this story, it is not true. It would be better for you to set out immediately. He said that their farm would soon have more sheep, cows and pigs. I would like to buy boots and a knife. The sailor's English is perfect, one would think he was born in England. I would not hurry to send the report, we' have not made enough tests. Would you like to wear this hat?
2. - , :
Set the pan on the table. My wife knows how to set the table. We must set the bird free. He sets a bad example to his younger brother. The sun sets at 8.10. I never set eyes on this picture. The soldier has set his heart on this plan.
3. !
Don't agree until I tell you. If the river rises much higher, we shall not be able to cross it. I won't go any further until I see the green light. When you see the red light, stop your car. I shall finish the experiment tomorrow if all goes well. Write a report as soon as new facts are discovered. I shall not wear a white shirt unless the weather is fine.
4. -, :
1. When was gold discovered in California? 2. Why were the first gold-miners called "Forty-Niners"? 3. What did Sutter own? 4. How did the miners dress? 5. How did they mine gold? 6. Was their work easy? 7. When did the Mexican War end? 8. Why did some farmers leave their crops standing in the fields? 9. How much gold did some miners dig in a day?
I. would, .
. if, .
III. :
, . , . , . , . , .
IV. , to be
going to:
, . . . (to continue) . , . , .
V. ;
to discover, German, agree, sheep, shirt, behind, discovery, belt, hair, knife, sailor, cow, hurry, waist, boot, farther, repeat, search, immediately, wear, cattle, mill, within, rush, soldier, wheat, mine, chiefly, shoe, pan, sand, trousers, wet, worth
VI. , :
, , , , , , , , , , ', , , , , , , ,
, . 2 , . ( 3) . , . 25 , , 212.
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READING
NEWS IN BRIEF
Police arrested an Uruguayan woman at a Montevideo airport with 45 lbs of gold hidden in her belt and shoes.
VOLCANOES HEAT GIVE ELECTRICITY
In the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Soviet Far East, half a million tons of fuel have been saved in the past ten years by using heat from volcanoes and geysers ().
Hot water and steam from underground heat homes, as well as greenhouses () which grow fresh vegetables all the year round.
Ten years ago the only fuel used was coal brought from distant parts of the country.
From Soviet Weekly
* * *
An automatic camera which will photograph lightning damage (, ) on power installations has been designed.
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Pompeii, Italy. Scientists have discovered the remains of 11 more people buried under the ruins () of the Roman city of Pompeii. Earlier the remains of a man and a girl were found. Pompeii was destroyed in 79 of our era by an eruption of Vesuvius.
From The International Herald Tribune
PARADOXES
, .. , ( ). .
'Tis strange but true; for truth is always strange, Stranger than fiction ().
George Gordon Byron (England, 1788-1824)
I do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday.
Abraham Lincoln (USA, 1809-1865)
True love is like ghosts (), which everybody talks about but few have seen.
Francois de la Rochefoucauld (France, 1613-1680)
In this world there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one wants, and the other getting it.
Oscar Wilde (England, 1856-1900)
To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong romance ().
Oscar Wilde
Animals are such agreeable friends; they ask no questions, pass no criticisms ( ).
George Eliot (England, 1819-1880)
Never work before breakfast; if you have to work before breakfast, get your breakfast first.
Josh Billings, (USA, 1818-1885)
Good breeding ( ) consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person.
Mark Twain (USA, 1835-1910)
FISH STORIES
The Scales
A man who always boasted about the fish he had caught soon found that his neighbours did not believe him. So he bought a pair of scales (), installed it in his library and had his friends watch him while he weighed the fish.
One evening a neighbour ran in to borrow ( ) his scales. He was back almost immediately, smiling and proud. "Congratulate me ( )," he cried. "I am the father of a 24-pound baby boy."
Bigger and Better
Everybody knows that Texans () are very ' proud of their State. It is the biggest State in the United States, so they think that everything is bigger and better in Texas than in other places under the sun.
An old Texan was attending a fishermen's conference in California. Speaker after speaker rose and spoke about remarkable West Coast fish. The Texan felt his anger rise, and when his turn to speak came, he began very quietly: "Well, we don't have any fish in Texas worth boasting about." Then he showed with his hands a length about 12 inches. "I never saw any bigger than that." He stopped briefly, looked at his audience and added: "Of course you have to remember that we always measure our fish between the eyes.".
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It Could Be Worse
A traveller came up to a fisherman.
"Having any luck?" ( ?)
"Not so bad," replied the fisherman. "I haven't had a bite () in three hours."
"What is so good about that?" asked the traveller in surprise ().
"You see that fellow over there? Well he hasn't had a bite in six hours."
Fisherman's Wife
Woman cleaning fish at sink ( ) to fisherman husbands: "Why can't you be like other men? They never catch anything."
to be . : were .
| (if) I were | |
| (if) he (she, it) were | (, ) (, ) |
| (if) we (you, they) were | (, ) |
| If I were younger... | ... |
| If the design were better... | ... |
. , , , Past Indefinite Past Perfect, should, would, may, might, could . .
Should
Should shall. should not: should not = shouldn't. should:
1) Should ( 17):
| I knew I should meet him. | , . |
| He said we should soon see our friends. | , . |
2) Should , must . Should , , .
| You should stop smoking. | . |
| It should be done immediately. | . |
3) Should Infinitive Indefinite , , Infinitive Perfect , .
| I should study tonight. | ( ). |
| Youshould not smoke so much. | ( ). |
| You shouldn't have said that. | ( ). |
4) Should .
| I think you should be able to translate the article. | , () . |
| That should be he. | , , . |
5) Should :
I should like
I should say
I should think
Should , , .
:
You should not cross the street against the red light. I should have studied last night. Your son should study harder if he wants to pass the examination. You should not work so hard. You should have answered that letter as soon as you received it. I should like to read that report again. I should think they were wrong.
, . .
, , , . if , provided , unless .
, : ) ; ) ; ) , ; ) , . .
)
, . , , (Present) ; , , (Past) ; , , Present Indefinite[19].
| If you know the subject, you need not be afraid. | , . |
| If he is working, he cannot go with us. | , . |
| If he said that, he was wrong. | , . |
| If he was working, why did you disturb him? | , ? |
| I'll pay you, provided I get my wages tomorrow. | , () . |
| If he asks us, we'll tell him the truth. | , . |
| I shan't tell him anything, unless he asks me. | , . |
)
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, , : ) , Past Indefinite[20], ) , should, would, could, might Infinitive Indefinite to. .
| If you studied more, you could learn English quickly. | , . |
| He would not agree, even if you asked him. | , , . |
| If I won a large sum of money, I should buy a motor car. | , . |
to be (. 1).
| If he were taken ill, I should be sorry. | , . |
, .
| If he came, | ask him to wait. | ( , - ), . |
| If he should come, | ||
| If he were to come, | ||
| Should he come, | ||
| Were he to come, |
, , , .
( ).
)
, , , , .. , .
, . - . , , . , ( ) ( , ). .
. : ) Past Indefinite ( were ); ) would, should, could might Infinitive Indefinite[21]:
| If he were at home, we could go and see him. | , ( ). |
| If I knew my lesson, I should be happy. | , ( ). |
| If I were you, I would not speak about it. | ( ). |
)
, : ) Past Perfect; ) should, would, could might Infinitive Perfect ( 22):
| If you had given me more time, I should have made a better report. | , ( , ). |
| If they had mentioned this yesterday, everything would have been done. | , ( , ). |
