.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


-




2000 . . - . - , 70 , . . . . , , .

, , -, , , -, .

, .. , .

, , , , . , , . : , . , .

, , . , letting. . , , , . , Jetting -ing. , -ing . , , , . lett. ( 10), -ing . t, let , .

, , 3- , .. -(e)s. , , , (he) plays play, processes process.

, .

 

 
body bodies . : i.
easy easier : i.
  easiest
to try he tries : -es, -ed i, .
  he tried
easy easily -l.
die dying : ie .
hope hoping -ing.
to put to beg putting -ing, -ed, -er, -est.
  begged
hot hotter
  hottest

. , . (), , . , , :

Hope is eternal. I hope to see you tomorrow.

hope ; . hope ; : . , , (). . , 7.

. , . , , :

1) ; 2) ; 3) : 4) ?; 5) ; 6) .

. . , .

: Putting two and two together we got the right answer. , two and two, we , . , .

letting , putting put. : put , . : put . , putting , , .

we , . putting , . , ..., : , ... , , . , together. , . . : . -, . , : , ... got. , to get, . , , got II to get. get ! the right answer, get. the right answer. , . ? , , , .. answer. (noun ). : ... . right . , , , : , , , . : , ... . , get get , . got. , , : , . , . , . , ♦ , . put, put together , : to put together , ,... to put two and two together , . , : , . : , .

, , :

1. .

2. .

3. , , .

4. () .

. , . . , .

 

ON DICTIONARY-MAKING

People seem to think that nothing in the world is less interesting than dictionary-making. But this is a mistake.

Dictionary-making is in fact (1) an interesting job and interesting people are attracted to it.

One of these interesting people was Dr Samuel Johnson (2) who produced his dictionary on April 15, 1755. In Dr Samuel Johnson's days, dictionary-making was different from what it is now. It was a one-man operation. Dr Johnson had some help with his (3), but it was his dictionary. And a number of men (4) in his era, including two actors, published dictionaries on their own (5). Another difference was that these menthem selves tried to decide what was to be included and what not.

The modern dictionary-maker is more scientific. All words get his attention and he tries to include the words people use and show how they use them, and what these words mean.

The dictionary-maker of today has to keep his dictionary up-to-date. A fast -changing world creates a fast-changing language new words for new tools, new weap-ons, new processes, new fields (6) (such as automation), new ideas. Many new words win places in dictionaries as permanent words. Sometimes words are included for a time and dropped out in new editions. Today more than ever dictionary-making is a job for a scientist who knows not only books but the world around him.

Although the one-man dictionary is a thing of history the number of men in the United States today who are dictionary-makers is still very few. Perhaps not more than half a dozen. These experts, however, are able to do their job by finding other experts to help them. One of the above- mentioned halfdozen says that he had to call in about 350 other specialist in various fields during the work on the American College Dictionary, one of the several new dictionaries that have appeared since the Second World War. In this age of growing know-ledge no man is able to do the job alone without the aid of other scientists.

A great event in all dictionary-making was the appearance of the Oxford English Dictionary, which the general public (7) seldom sees. It is complete in more than twenty volumes. It contains 414,825 words and 1,827,306 quotations which show the use of the words To give one example: the word and letter "A" are explained in eleven and a half columns of small type.

 

(1) in fact ,

(2) Dr Samuel Johnson ['sxmjuql GOnsn] (1709-1784), Dr Doctor [dOktq].

(3) with his = with his dictionary -

(4) a number of men - . a number

(5) on their own = , ,

(6) new fields ( field 17)

(7) the general public

 

40 . . . college, era, expert, history, operation, public specialist, automation . column , , modern (. ) permanent (. , ) produce (. ), type (. ). contain , . container , . attract , , , . difference different , ( 7) .

knowledge know

call in , call in; up-to-date ; , up-to-date , .

 

 

1. . , .

2. . 89, . .

3. :

flies tries, helping, changing, hopping, hoping, busiest, redder, dropped, examples

.

4. - still, age, ever .

5. - , :

trying, meeting, running, shouting, crying, organizing, digging, swimming, skating, begging

6. , . 261, :

Mary stopped studying English. I like reading poetry. He told us about his having bought a new dictionary. We seldom read his translations without seeing half a dozen mistakes in them. We are considering buying a car. Stop making so much noise. We know about the new edition having appeared. Mentioning this event will not help you. The question needs including in the text. We know of your having tried to do it alone. Flying is the fastest way of going from one place to another. I remember this weapon having been mentioned in the history of the First World War. I don't remember her telling us her age. They tried to attract our attention by shouting and gun-firing. Nobody likes being laughed at.

7. 11 :

up-to-date, rapid, instrument, different, pull, modern, fast, tool, attract, event, people, baby, increase, fact, public, era, child, number, grow, figure, age, various

8. 7 :

pull, alone, slow, explain, up-to-date, ever, 'push, together, never, understand

9. .

 

I. , , . .

II. , Indefinite Perfect (Active Voice) . :

I had been thinking (to do, Ind.) my job alone. But (to talk, Pert.) with the experts helped me to understand that my knowledge was not enough. After (to mention, Ind.) this fact in my report I said: "(To design, Ind.) up-to-date tools and other equipment is seldom a one-man job." I thanked the comrades for (to explain, Perf.) various details to me and for (to try, Perf.) to help me as much as they could. Still more warmly I thanked them for (to include, Perf.) me in their group.

III. , :

. . . (of) . . .

IV. :

dictionary, produce, difference, try, fast, include, including, up-to-date, create, weapon, permanent, edition, dozen, tool, perhaps, ever, mention, appear, appearance, war, age, alone, event, seldom, explain, column, contain, knowledge

V. , :

, , , , , , , , (), , , , , ,

 

1) 5, 14, 15, 19 20.

2) 7, 8, 11 18 .

 

READING

A LOT OF WORDS

A major effort by Soviet philologists has been completed with the publication of the country's biggest dictionary of modern Russian in 17 volumes. The completed work contains a lot of wordsnearly 120,500 of themused in literature from the time of Pushkin to 20th-century writers.

 

ENCYCLOPEDIA

The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, a modern, one-volume reference work centered on the subject of chemistry but including more than twenty different sciences that border on the main subject, has been published by the Reinhold Publishing Corporation. Written by more than 500 authors, the volume consists of about 850 articles ranging in length from 300 to 4,000 words each, covering a broad range of subjects of chemical importance. Topics include atomic power, automatic control, electron tubes, radio-activity, new elements, plastics, antibiotics, amino acids, allergy, air pollution ( ), safety, and hundreds of others.

From The New York Times

 

 

FIRST EDITION OF MARX EXHIBITED

Place of pride in the exposition at the Marx-Engels Museum in Moscow is taken by a copy of the very first edition of the Communist Manifesto, published in London, in German, in 1848.

The Museum has copies of the Manifesto in over a hundred languages.

Of special interest is the first accurate () translation into Russian, made by Georgi Plekhanov. This was published in Geneva in 1882, and contained a preface by Marx and Engels.

 

TOLSTOY EXHIBITS FOR LONDON

Pages from Anna Karenina, War and Peace and Resurrection () in Tolstoy's own hand were shown at a Tolstoy exhibition in the British Museum.

The Soviet Union also sent personal belongings ( ) of the great writer, letters, photographs, sculptures, rare editions of his works, illustrations to themnearly 300 items () in all, mostly from the museum on Tolstoy's estate, Yasnaya Polyana, near Tula. They also included a bronze death-mask, a cast () of his hand, his personal seal () and a photograph given him by Thomas Edison.

Other items in the exhibition showed Tolstoy's interest in the British people and their culture. He had a lifelong ( ) love of Dickens.

There were letters and documents connected with his visit to London in 1861, also from Yasnaya Polyana.

The exhibition was being held under the agreement on cultural exchange () between Britain and the Soviet Union. It was open for about three months.

From Soviet Weekly.

 

QUOTATIONS

Knowledge, too, is itself a power.

Francis Bacon (England, 1561-1626)

To be conscious () that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge.

Benjamin Disraeli (England, 1804-1831)

Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.

Samuel Johnson (England, 1709-1784)

Our knowledge is the amassed () thought and experience of innumerable () minds.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (USA, 1803-1882)

Training is everything. Cauliflower is nothing but (1) cabbage with a college education.

Mark Twain (USA. 1835-1910)

 

JOKES

DINER: Waiter, I want chicken and the younger the better.

WAITER: In that case ( ), sir, order eggs.

Right and Wrong

"Raise your hand," the judge said to a woman preparing to testify ( ).

The woman quickly raised her left hand.

"You'll have to raise your right hand," said the judge.

"This is my right hand," she answered. "I'm left-handed ()."

Her Age

"What is your age?" asked the judge. "Remember you are under oath."

"Twenty-one years and some months," the lady answered.

"How many months?" the judge persisted ().

"One hundred and eight."

(1) nothing but ,

 

( ) 5. .

.

 

:

  Active Passive
Indefinite to write to be written
Continuous to be writing
Perfect to have written to have been written
Perfect Continuous to have been writing

, (Active) [15]. .

, , , . . , Perfect Perfect Continuous , . :

I like to read.(Infinitive Indefinite) .
He seemed to be thinking. (Infinitive Continuous)[16] .
I was happy to have receivedyour letter. (Infinitive Perfect) .
He seemed to have been makingthese experiments for a long time. (Infinitive Perfect Continuous) , , .

, , - : , ; , .

 

;

1) Indefinite Active:  
I want to see your design. .
You must payfor it. .
2) Indefinite Passive:  
Itcan be done. .
The mistake must be found. .
3) Continuous Active:  
We thought him to be sleeping. , .
We knew him to be workingin his room. , .
4)Perfect Active:  
Iremembered to have seenher somewhere. , - .
You must have readthis story. , , .
5) Perfect Passive:  
We knew the test to have been made. , .
We thought the mistake to have been found. , .
6) Perfect Continuous Active:
He must have been workingall night. , , .
She appeared to have been leadinga very busy life. , , .

, can, may, must, need (, . .) to.

, , , , .

:

 

1) :

To seeit was interesting. .
To have foundour mistake was useful. .

2) :

You can doit. .
He must havegone away. , , .
Youneedn't have spoken. .

3) :

I want to come. .
I like to dance. .

4) :

19 :

Weknew him to have sentthe letter. , .
We found him to be doing nothing. , .
We thought the experiment to have been completed. , .

5) :

- . , - :

is not a man to doanything by halves. , (= )- .
This is a good place to work in. .
Thereare not many people to believethis. , .
  This is an article to be translatedinto French. , .
  This is the problem to be considered, , (= ).
     

6) :

The teacher gave me a book toread. ( , ).
He went home to rest. .
We have been sent here to study English. .
They did this to save their friend's life. , .
She opened the door to lookinto the room. , .

, + .

7) :

20. -

She is known to have beena dancer. , (-) .
The mistake is said to have been found. , () .
The water seems to be boiling. , (), .
He appears to be suffering. , , .

 

:

1): translate this text is not easy. To have met him was an event in my life.

2) : The design can be completed next week. The ship has to be launched as soon as possible. I cannot believe you. You might have been wrong.

3) : Peter wants to meet you. I begin to find these tests quite important.

4) ( 19): We saw them buy those tools. I heard him move in the next room. We thought them to have been very busy.

5) : This is not the time to stop work. There are a few more words to remember. I found nothing more to do. These are the things to move into the next room. The seed to be weighed was brought to the station.

6) : I came here to show you our design. They went down to the river to help us. We remained here to meet you.

7) ( 20): The dog is said to be the best animal for such tests. They are known to have found a new kind of fuel. The weather seems to become cooler. He was heard to mention your name. He appears to be well, but really he is rather ill.

 

-

, , , . , - : , . . - .

 

One

one :

Give me a dictionary, the best one. , ().
This is a good translation, but that oneis full of mistakes. , () .
In our house there are three large rooms and two small ones. ().

, one , one .

 

That (of)

that , those me, , of:

I saw my own mistake and that of the other engineer. .
His translations are better than those of his friend. , .

. (.. , ) do. , .

I like to read and so do my children. , ().
He works as well as he did last year. , .
The animals were sleeping and so were the birds. ().

-.

 

 

3. -ty (-ity)

certain , certainty , . -ty (-ity) , . :

real reality

able ability

cruel cruelty

 

[Iq]: fear, dear, clear, spear, Shakespeare ['SeIkspIq]

[q:]: fir, sir, heard, world [wq:ld], certain ['sq:tn], certainty

 

;

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT SHAKESPEARE

I

The facts that we know with absolute certainty about William Shakespeare can be given in a few paragraphs. It is not strange that we know so little about one of the greatest men that the world has produced. His age was not one of biographical writing. Newspapers and magazines did not exist. Encyclopaedias, dictionaries of names and volumes of Who Is Who (1) had not been heard of. Few letters were written and less were kept. Yet we know about Shakespeare as much as (2) we do about most of the writers of his time, and even of many who lived much later.

The playwright's father, John Shakespeare, moved to Stratford-on-Avon (3) about 1550 and became a dealer in corn, meat, wool and leather. He probably dealt besides in all things that farmers about the village produced. He seems to have been a good man of business (4), though he could not write. His wife, the writer's mother, Mary Arden, was the daughter of a rich farmer in the village of Wilmcote. He gave his daughter a house, with some land and a good sum of money.

John Shakespeare and his wife were living in a house in Hanley Street when their children were born. It was a house two storeys high (5) with small windows cut in the roof. In general appearance it remains much the same as it looked in 1556. Simple and ordinary-looking, it is still the most famous house in England and one of the most famous in the world.

Men and women from all parts of the earth have visited Stratford to see it. Stories and poems have been written about it. For here, in a small room on the second floor, William Shakespeare was born.

How little we know of Shakespeare, compared with poets of the 19th century, is shown by the fact that we are not certain of the exact date on which the greatest of all poets was born. But most probably he was born on April 23, 1564. He died also on this date, April 23, in 1616.

Of the poet's early years we know next to nothing (6). It is a mistake, however, to think that he had no education. There was in Stratford a free Grammar School (7) to which the boy was sent. Here he studied mainly Latin, for education then in England consisted almost entirely of classics.

His friend of later years, Ben Jonson (8), said that Shakespeare had "small Latin and less Greek", but that is not quite true. We cannot compare his knowledge with that of Jonson, who was educated in a college, but the Stratford boy understood both Latin and French well and knew the Bible thoroughly. It is clear, too, that by nature he was a boy of remarkable power of observation (9). He was educated more by people and the world of Nature about him than by books and formal teaching.

Shakespeare left the Grammar School when he was thirteen years old and never went to school again. About this time his father's money difficulties began. Another pair of hands was needed at home and William was the oldest son. Just what he did (10), however, between his fourteenth and eighteenth years we cannot say. Probably he helped his father in his business. We know nothing about his work, his reading and the events that were developing his mind during those five years, but we must remember that he was just a boy living in a small town before the age of newspapers, far from people of education and culture. During this period as little is known of him as of Cromwell (11) during the same period; as little, but no less.

When William was only eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway ['hxTqweI], the daughter of a farmer from a village not far from Stratford. Anne was nine years older than William and the marriage was not happy. On May 26, 1583 their daughter Susanna [su'zxnq] was born. Two years later, two sons were born to Shakespeare, and soon after the young husband and father left his native town for London.

(to be continued)

(1) Who Is Who , , . (: ).

(2) as much as

(3) Stratford-on-Avon ['strxtfqd On 'eIvan] ,

(4) man of business ,

(5) two storeys high

(6) next to nothing

(7) a free Grammar School . ( ),

(8) Ben Jonson (15731637), ,

(9) power of observation

(10) just what he did

(11) Cromwell ['krOmwel] (15991658), XVII

 

bear [bFq], bore [bL ], born (e) [bLn] v , ; , ; be born

besides [bI'saIdz] prp, adv ,

business ['bIznIs] n , ; ;

certain ['sq:tn] , ; be ~

certainty ['sq:tntI] n

classic ['klxsIk] n ;

consist [kqn'sIst] v (of); (in)

corn [kO:n] n ; á; ( )

cut [kAt], cut, cut v ; .

date [deIt] n , ,

daughter ['dO:tq] n

deal [di:l], dealt [delt], dealt v ; ,

dealer ['di:lq] n

develop [dI'velqp] v )

difficulty ['dIfIk(q) ltI] n

early ['q:lI] ; adv

educate ['edju(:) keIt] v ,

education ["edju(:) 'keIS(q) n] n

encyclop (a) edia [en'saIklqu'pI(:) djq] n

entirely [In'taIqlI] adv ,

Greek [grI(:) k] ;

happy ['hxpI]

husband ['hAzbqnd] n

late [leIt] ; adv ; later

leather ['leDq] ()

leave [lI(:) v], left [left], left v , ,

magazine ["mxgq'zI(:) n]

marriage ['mxrIG] n

marry ['mxrI] v

meat [mI(:) t] n

mind [maInd] n , , ; ; v ; -

mother ['mADq]

native ['neItIv] , ; ;

pair [pFq] n

period ['pIqrIqdj n

playwright ['pleIraIt] n

poem ['pquIm] n ,

poet ['pquIt] n

probably ['prOb(q) blI] adv

roof [ru:f] n

school [sku:l] n

son [sAn] n

storey ['stO:rI] n

strange [streInG]

street [stri:t] n

sum [sAm] n

thoroughly ['TArqlI] adv , ,

town [taun] n

village ['vIlIG] n

wife [waIf] . . wives [waIvz] n

window ['wIndqu] n

wool [wul] n

writer ['raItq] n

 

. , .

consist .

school , .

playwright . Play , ; to play . (wright) .

, magazine . , .

mind mind and matter , : body and mind . : to keep in mind , , to bear in mind. to mind , -, : to mind the children. Mind your own business : (: ). to mind - , : Do you mind my smoking? , ?

few, a few; little, a little. few little . , few , , little . , few books (pens, ships, engineers) (, , ); little water (time, energy, attention) (, , ). few little much many, 8 ( ).

few, little , . . :

We have fewgood pictures. .
We have a fewgood pictures. .
He has littlemoney. .
Hehad a littlemoney. .
I speak littleFrench. () -.
I speak French a little. -.

, few, little , a few, a little .

 

1. (, ) . 280-281. . 277.

2. to leave to develop,

3. , -:

My son goes to this school and so do his friends. I bought a green leather bag and two small red ones for my daughters. I do not remember the name of the street but my husband probably does. We brought them two English magazines and three French ones. It is strange that he speaks less about this business than other people do. She dances as well as her mother did when she was her age. Shakespeare was born at Stratford and so were his children. We know as much about Shakespeare's early years as we do about these of Cromwell.

 

4. :

I have few friends. We have a few friends in that city. We can do it now, we still have a little time. $he says she has little time for reading, but she reads a few books every month. She knows him a little. We know very little about him, we only saw him for a few minutes.

5. , , :

consists, corn, father, to marry, school, son, strange, street, thoroughly, wool

The crop of... has increased. I'll also send my... to this;... The edition... of twenty-five volumes. Shakespeare's... dealt in meat and leather. Children must not play in the.... He is too young.... This is a very... idea. The dress seems to be made of.... His mind is... developed.

6. :

1) ; 2) (., , ); 3) ; 4) (., , , )

son, factory, tower, husband, magazine, coal, street, dictionary, pen, roof, to teach, meat, wife, smoke, encyclopaedia, daughter, the Underground, poem, child, bridge, newspaper, baby, school, research, writer, storey, corn, picture, science, brother, house, to study, station, test, car, father, building, story, library, wool, town, sister, works, playwright, pitch, city, pencil, park, book, notebook, oil, gas, glass, gold, mother, to read, lesson, rubber, leather, to translate, iron, steam, to marry, marriage, academy, college, paper, fuel, education

7. -, :

1. When was William Shakespeare most probably born? 2. What do we know about his early years? 3. Who was his mother? 4. Did Shakespeare's father and his wife live in a large house? 5. To what school did Shakespeare go? 6. How old was he when he left school? 7. What was the reason that he did not go to school again? 8. How many children had Shakespeare when he left his native town? 9. Have you read any of Shakespeare's plays in your native language? 10. Do you want to read them in English?

 

I. :

seems to have been a good man of business.

?

II. -: ) ; ) ; ) , We cannot compare his knowledge... , , .

III. :

Few letters were written and less were kept. During this period as little is known of him as of Cromwell during the same period; as little, but no less.

IV. ; , , :

1. I shall be happy to see you again. 2. We knew him to be a good husband. 3. We wanted to know her daughter's age. 4. Her son was the first to develop this entirely new idea. 5. He appeared to have received a very good education. 6. This leather coat seems to be very heavy. 7. That is not the way to cut bread. 8. We knew the corn to be quite dry. 9. That is all you need to know. 10. He seems to have read a great deal of classic writers. 11. The book seems to consist of short stories. 12. There was no time to lose. 13. No time seems to have been lost. 14. We know Shakespeare's father to have been a dealer in meat, corn and leather.' 15. His name is to be included in Who Is Who. 16. These things are to be left at home. 17. We believed him to be married. 18. To look at him makes you laugh. 19. The child seems to have been learning a few new words every day. 20. Have you any magazines to give me? 21. The mother wanted her son to marry. 22. To discuss the details now means to lose time. 23. Your daughter is old enough to understand this. 24. He seems to be working later than usual. 25. We study the text to learn more about Shakespeare, 26. The plan appears to have been accepted. 27. He might be late. 28. You needn't have accepted the invitation.

V. :

besides, daughter, mother, business, roof, leave, wide, husband, town, son, thoroughly, to be born, early, village, late, wool, cut, happy, develop, certain, date, marry, marriage, window, consist, entirely, magazine, difficulty, native, corn, meat, probably, school, street, leather, mind (n), to mind

VI, , :

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

1) 9, 10 17 .

2) , 10, 13, 19 21.

 

READING

TBILISI STUDIES SHAKESPEARE

The Shakespeare Studies Centre in Tbilisi, capital of Georgia, a part of its university's department of Romance () and Germanic languages has many early editions of the plays, a large library of books about Shakespeare, including many in Georgian and Russian, and books given by Shakespearean centres in Stratford-on-Avon, Washington and Weimar and also tapes () of famous actors and actresses reading Shakespeare.

The centre has built up a great reputation and many foreign scholars (-) have visited it and lectured there.

A Shakespeare symposium it organized attracted scholars and actors from all over the world.

The centre often helps with the productions (, ) of the plays which Georgian audiences have long loved, among them productions of Romeo and Juliet and King Lear at the Rustaveli Theatre in Tbilisi.

From Soviet Weekly

SCIENCE

Iron's Early History

No one knows how long man has used iron. Iron ore is to be found in almost all countries, and primitive man in many lands knew how to use it many centuries ago.

One can only guess () as to the way man first learned that ore could be melted and used for his tools. Perhaps some primitive man's camp fire first smelted () iron by accident. Legend says that fifteen hundred years before Christ (1) a forest fire showed the people of the island of Crete () how to make iron. Pictures which date back to thirty-five hundred years before Christ show Egyptians smelting] iron with the air of a goat-skin bellows ( ). However (2) man may have found out how to make iron, it was made by the same method in ancient times in Africa, in China, in India, as well as in the countries around the Mediterranean ( ). In England Caesar () found the Britons making iron very much as the explorer may still find it made in remote parts of Africa and Asia. Even the Romans were unable to make much improvement on the process of making iron. Rome produced thus all the metal with which Caesar armed his victorious legions. The iron which held together the oak of Columbus's ships was made in a simple fire-place like a blacksmith's forge ( ). Iron for Washington's cannon and musket (3) was made in tall furnaces not unlike big stone chimneys (4). The fire was fed by the forced draft ( , ) commonly produced by a water wheel.

We must not think that because the ancients had difficulty in making iron they could not make good iron. The fact is that their product was as good as, and even better than, most of the iron we have today. The stories are true of the splendid shining swords () of ancient heroes. We have learned merely how to make iron more easily and more cheaply. The principle of iron-making has always ^been the same, whether it was (5) in Central Africa or Rome, in the time of George Washington or Andrew Carnegie (6); hot fire smelts the iron out of the ore.

Coelacanth (7)

The Smithsonian Institution (8) has put on exhibit a "living fossil" ( ) fish, the coelacanth, in the National Museum. Another is at the American Museum of Natural History. The coelacanth was believed by scientists to have become extinct () 70,000,000 years ago. But a specimen () was caught alive in 1938 in the Indian Ocean off South Africa; since 1952, twelve have been caught near Madagascar. The coelacanth has two pairs of limb-like fins (9) and a rudimentary lung. These are like those from which the legs, arms and lungs of man and other land vertebrates () could have evolved. Paleontologists have traced the ancestry (, ) of the coelacanth back 325,000,000 years to the group of creatures () from which all land vertebrates descended (). The specimen put on exhibit in Washington is a forty-three-pound fifty-one inch male ().

No star is ever lost we once have seen,

We always may be what we might have been. (10)

Adelaide Anne Procter (England, 1825-1864]

(1) before Christ [kraIst] ( . .)

(2) However (. however 4)

(3) Washington's cannon and musket . Cannon "

(4) not unlike... chimneys ... . not, un- . : .

(5) whether it was... , ...

(6) Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) ,

(7) coelacanth ['sJlqkxnT] ()

(8) Smithsonian Institution . (2) 20

(9) limb-like fins ,

(10) We always may be what we might have been , (.. )

( )

I II 10 13. .

. , [17].

. :

  Active Passive
I
Indefinite Perfect doing having done being done having been done ()
II
Indefinite done

1) I Indefinite ? ? ?, , ?, .

Wesaw the risingsun. .
We saw the sun slowly rising in the east. , .
Risingslowly, the cloud was covering the sun. , .
Being writtenin English, the letter was not easy to understand. , -. (. -, .)
Having finished our work,we went home. ( ), .

.

2) II , ? .

a letter, writtenin ink ,
brokenglass
all the details knownto you

II . : curved , learned . unopened . to curve (), to learn , to open ().

3) I Perfect ?, ? . Perfect , , .

Havingsaid that, I had to continue. , .
Havingbeen invitedto the meeting, we came in time.




:


: 2016-11-03; !; : 925 |


:

:

, ,
==> ...

788 - | 799 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.365 .