: 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , .
. . , 10 60% [ . ., 196! . ., . ., 1971; . ., 197:
Horner J 1958; Kole, Pohl, 1973].
1915 . . . Case , ; , .
, .
, , . , ( ). . , . . , , , . . . . . . (1970), .
. .
; , , .
, , , . .
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) a [ . ., 1974; . 1' .,1975]. , .
, . . , , , , .
|
|
, , , . , - -, . : 1) ( ); 2) , .
, , , , , .
. . Ӈ, . . . . (1981) : , , . , 105110 . ., 100 1 , 100 117 /, 3,0- ^/, 35%, 20%. 110 .
, 90100 . ., 120 1 , 7583 /, 2,0 2,5- 10 /, 2530%, 20 30%. .
. 5867 / , 1,01,5- ^/, 25%, 40 60 . ., 30%.
, , 3,1 38,4% [ . ., . ., 1975; . . ., 1977; . ., 1978; Swington N.. 1951; OlsonR., 1968, .].
[ . ., . ., 1966]. . , , , . .. . (1981), : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ;
4) -- .
, , .
.
, : [Brassine A. et al., 1958, .] 27,2% [Rowntree, 1960; Glitgeman et al 1963].
D. Brown W. Toomey (1960) 258 - 41 . F. . Henry . (1962) 403 27% . [ . ., 1955]. [Feint ., 1961; Cantor A., Shorb, 1970].
|
|
. , , - . , . .
. , . , [ . ., . ., 1971; Bergman, 1968].
, , , [Merz, 1956;
Parks, 1969]. [Killinback, 1970]. 1 22,8% [Telling W., Gruner 0., 1917; Merz, 1956; Parks, 1969].
, . , , . , , . , . , . , , . [ . ., . ., 1972], [Rankin P., Brown D.,1930], [Bacon H., McGregory, 1961;Clay, Tierney, 1965], [Bradford F., 1965], [ . ., . ., 1971].
- [Majo . W Blunt, 1950].
Arnheim (1940), ( 1,5 35%).
. , .
, , ( ), , , , . .
. . (1971) , , : 1) : , , , , , ; 2) , , -.
|
|
, , , , .
- , , 3,6 42% [ . ., . ., 1975; Mosimann, Hofsteller, 1958; Wychulis A. et al 1967].
- . , J. Ponka . (1959), 19,4% . . Spriggs . (1925) , , , , , .
A. Wychulis . (1967), . Majo 19551957 . 152 30 84 . 7 57 , . . . (1978) 6 , 4,8% . , .
, , , . . . (1976), A. Alien (1970) , , .
. : . Graser (1899), . Case (1915, 1928), . Spriggs . (1927), . . - (1928), . . (1951, 1954), . . (1968) .
. . . . . (1968) ,
, ( ), . , , .
, . . , .
|
|
. . (1975), , . . . (1978) .
. ; (, , ) , . , . , . . , , . . , , . [ . ., 1968]. . . (1951), .
. . . . (1971) -, , . . . (1975) :
1) ; 2) ;
3) ; 4) .
, , . , , . , [ . ., 1968].
, , : . , . , . , , , . .
. .
1939 . L. Buie , - , : , , .
Gackman L. Buie 1943 . - : 0,30,5 , .
. , . . (1974) 512 20 (4,5%).
(), , 0,20,3 1 [ . ., 1974; . ., 1974].
|
|
( ), . , [ . ., 1974; . ., 1974].
, , , ; , [ . ., 1978].
[ . . ., 1981], , .
, . , , . . , , [- . . ., 1972; . ., 1975; . . ., 1981; . . ., 1983, .].
, , [Marfan A 1896], , . . . -- (1928), . . (1928), J. Bertrand (1964) .
410% [ . ., . ., 1957]. . . (1978) - 5,3% . , 1948 . Ch. F. . Saint (1948) , :
, ( ).
: . . (1966), . Palmer (1951, 1955), . Wissmer (1951, 1960), V. Muffand (1961), . Mantero (1965) . , - , .
. Miiller (1948) . . . (1978) , 14% . , , , , -, . [ . ., 1971].
, [-baum S. L Berenbaum . R., 1965, .].
- , [Brombart ., 1952]. . . (1971), . , , - - , , . . . , , , .