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and co-operating in NATO, each country was maintaining a hedge. "We'll always have a hedge against uncertainty in the future, in our military forces in the nuclear weapons that the United States will continue to retain," he said. "It's a hedge against the future, because there are other nations that possess nuclear weapons or might come to possess nuclear weapons."
| 1. full-fledged member 2. extraordinary meeting 3. member nations 4. major steps 5. shift toward the West 6. hedge against the future 7. non-proliferation 8. nuclear arsenals 9. missile defence 10. collective defence pact 11. decades of division and uncertainty 12. nuclear power 13. crisis management 14. uncertainty in the fu ture 15. fixed variety of topics |
UNIT 3.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1, .
NATO formally welcomed Russia as a participant - but not as a full-fledged member. The agreement signed at an extraordinary meeting of the leaders of NATO's member nations, marked another major step in its effort to lock in Moscow's shift toward the West. The accord will for the first time give Moscow a role from the outset in NATO discussions about a fixed variety of topics, including non-proliferation, crisis management, missile defence and counterterrorism. But in an indication that the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's members are still not fully convinced that Russia has completely renounced aggression and cast its lot with Europe, Moscow will not be a member of the alliance or be bound by its collective defence pact, in which all members pledge to come to each other's defence if necessary. Nor will Russia have a veto over NATO decisions or a vote in the expansion of its membership, including NATO's plans to invite in new nations - almost all of them once part of the Soviet bloc. The new council does not replace the North Atlantic Council, the body where NATO usually makes its decisions.
The significance of this meeting is difficult to overestimate. The idea of Russia sitting at NATO councils would have been, simply, unthinkable. Two former foes are now joined as partners, overcoming decades of division and uncertainty. Co-operation with the world's second largest nuclear power is more likely to be achieved by welcoming Russia west. Some NATO officials have voiced concern that the new council is not substantive enough for Russia. Meeting with reporters this afternoon, US Secretary of State said that while Russia and the United States were reducing their nuclear arsenals drastically,
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to come to one's defence....................................................................
to have a veto over smth....................................................................
to have a vote.....................................................................................
to join as partners...............................................................................
to maintain a hedge............................................................................
to possess nuclear weapons................................................................
to renounce aggression.......................................................................
to voice concern.................................................................................
4. 1, 2 3.
5. .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
| 3. International Criminal Police Organisation (Interpol) 4. International Ice Patrol |
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7. . .
1. Greenpeace a. Organisation aimed at locating icebergs in the
North Atlantic, following and predicting their
drift, and issuing warnings to ships in the vicinity.
2. World Council
of Churches b. Nongovernmental educational organisation
founded to promote co-operation at the interna
tional level among the universities of all coun
tries as well as among other bodies concerned
with higher education and research.
Association which is concerned with problems in the organisation, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and evaluation of information by both mechanical and electronic means.
d. Ecumenical organisation that works for the unity
and renewal of the Christian denominations and offers them a forum in which they may work to
gether in the spirit of tolerance and mutual un
derstanding.
| 5. International As sociation of Uni versities 6. International Committee of the Red Cross |
e. Large nongovernmental organisation interested
primarily in environmental issues.
f. Autonomous intergovernmental organisation
dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic
energy to the world's peace and well-being and
ensuring that agency assistance is not used for
military purposes.
| 7. International Or ganisation for In formation and Documentation 8. International Atomic Energy Agency |
g. Organisation aimed at promoting the widest possible mutual assistance between all the criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the affiliated countries.
h. Organisation that acts to help all victims of war and internal violence, attempting to ensure the implementation of humanitarian rules and restricting armed violence.
8. .
- - - - - - - - , - - - - - - , , .
9. . .
United Nations (UN)
UN is an international organisation established by charter on October 24, 1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self-determination, and encouraging international co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. The United Nations' headquarters are now located at the UN Building in New York City.
The General Assembly includes representatives of all members of the UN. A nation may send up to five representatives but still has only one vote. Decisions are reached either by majority or by two-thirds vote, depending upon the subject matter. The General Assembly works through the commit-
tee system and receives reports from the various councils. It is convened yearly or by special session when necessary.
The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members - United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China - and 10 nonperma-nent members. The council functions continuously and is mainly concerned with the maintenance of international security. The presidency is rotated among members each month. Nonpermanent members are chosen from groups and regions in the most equitable fashion possible. Nine votes (including those of all five permanent members) are sufficient to carry a Security Council decision, but any permanent member may exercise a veto over any substantive proposal. Any state, even if it is not a member of the United Nations, may bring a dispute to which it is a party to the notice of the Security Council.
The Secretariat is the administrative department of the UN, headed by the secretary-general, who functions in a position of political importance and is appointed for a five-year term by both the General Assembly and the Security Council. The Secretariat influences the work of the United Nations to a degree much greater than indicated in the UN Charter.
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations created to contribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in education, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilita-tive; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearing-house and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO are in Paris.
World Health Organisation (WHO)
WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations established to promote international co-operation for improved health conditions. The objective of this organisation is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health which is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The administrative headquarters of WHO are in Geneva.
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
IMO is a United Nations specialised agency created to provide machinery for co-operation in establishing technical regulations and practices in international shipping, to encourage the adoption of the highest possible standards for maritime safety and for navigation, and to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns. The headquarters of IMO are in London.
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
ICAO is an intergovernmental specialised agency associated with the United Nations and dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. Permanent headquarters of ICAO were established in Montreal.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO is a security organisation comprised of member states from Western and Central Europe and North America. From the beginning, NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies' military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an effort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels.
Organisation of American States (OAS)
OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural co-operation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its main goals are to prevent any outside state's intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D.C.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exercise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A permanent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia.
South Pacific Forum
South Pacific Forum was created to provide a forum for heads of government to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific. The Forum is headquartered in Suva, Fiji.
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1. Moscow participated in NATO discussions of various topics, including
non-proliferation, crisis management, missile defence and counterter-
rorism.
2. Having opened the door to opportunity, competition, and mobility,
modernity also introduced job insecurity, unemployment, uncertainty
and personal responsibility to the societies where all these phenomena
had been extinct for generations.
3. From answers to such questions it may be possible to adduce the direc
tions being taken by Russia's ruling elite.
4. A suddenly risen democracy movement came to a tragic end after gov
ernment forces mounted a deadly assault on demonstrators.
5. The President omitted many other smaller matters, many of them hav
ing been already mentioned in his previous messages.
6. No more questions being left on the agenda, the head of the delegation
deemed it appropriate to leave the conference.
7. When the hostages were freed in one morning, at the cost of only two
American soldiers wounded, the whole country felt a thrill of pride.
8. The NATO summit in London convened to declare an end to the Cold
War and to offer a new relationship to the Soviet Union was opened by
the British Prime Minister.
9. Underdeveloped countries created their own version of the global econ
omy consisting of a widespread traffic in narcotics, diamonds, weapons
and human beings - all run by global criminal or terrorist organisations.
10. The agreement signed at an extraordinary meeting of NATO leaders, marked another major step in its policy towards Russia.
11. The relationship within the intelligence services between a Higher Po
lice committed to managing the country by means of social engineer
ing, on one hand, and those labelled the "securitate", who rely on brute
force and power, on the other hand, must be better understood.
12. Being realists, we must remember that relations between Russia and
the North Atlantic alliance have been historically far from straightfor
ward.
13. Today for United States the Second World War is a fading memory, re
placed in the popular mind by the Gulf War, a war lasting less than two
months.
14. The President's luck, running low during the international crisis, re
turned in Force two years later.
15. The American officials remained focused on events in Europe and on
the value of this country as leader of the region.
14. , . .
1. Two former foes who are overcoming decades of division and uncer
tainty, are now joined as partners.
2. When all the urgent problems were settled, the extraordinary meeting
was over.
3. US Secretary of State said that while two countries were reducing their
nuclear arsenals drastically, they were maintaining a hedge against fu
ture dangers.
4. The official who is speaking now is not a student in politics.
5. The President visited the secret military base, there he said that he relied
heavily on the army.
6. The dictatorship crashed as soon as the regime's coercive determination
failed it.
7. The new arrangement between two countries replaces a previous accord,
which was negotiated ten years ago.
8. In this brief article the author argues that rapprochement on the basis of
old ideological principles that are now applied globally has many nega
tive consequences.
9. As the member nations wanted to sign collective defence pact, they
scrupulously discussed its provisions.
10. Politicians should always be persistent while they are taking decisions
concerning the nuclear arsenals.
11. After the meeting was convened, everybody stopped to feel uncertainty
in the future.
12. International Ice Patrol was established in 1914 after the "Titanic" col
lided with an iceberg.
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Aggression
1) , , , : to commit aggression against smb - -, to repel / repulse aggression - , armed aggression - , outright aggression - , stark aggression - . Syn: assault, attack, offensive. Ant: defence, repulsion, retreat, surrender, withdrawal; 2) : to manifest aggression - , to control / stifle aggression - , , hidden / deep-rooted aggression - , an act of aggression -
Defence
1) , : to conduct / put up / organise a defence - , , to overwhelm smb's defences - , defence power - , line of defence - , inadequate/weak defence - , stubborn defence - , man-to-man defence - , self-defence -, . Syn: protection, justification, vindication; 2) pi. , : military defences -
Diplomacy
: to rely on / resort to diplomacy - , dollar diplomacy - , nuclear diplomacy - , megaphone diplomacy - , quiet diplomacy - , shuttle diplomacy -
Expansion
, ; , ; , : territorial / continental expansion - / , economic expansion - ; eastward / westward expansion - / . Syn: stretching, expanse, dilatation
Security
1) : to ensure / provide security - , to strengthen / tighten security , to compromise / undermine security - , feeling / sense of security - , security threat - , security measures - . Syn: safety; 2) , . Syn: stability, fixity; 3) , . Syn: guard, protection, defence; 4) , : security service / police - , security man - , security officer - ; 5) pi.
Weapon
: to brandish weapon - ( -), to fire a weapon - , to handle a weapon - , to lay down one's weapons - , lethal weapon - / , concealed weapon - , atomic / nuclear / thermonuclear weapon - / / , heavy / light weapon - / , offensive weapon - , weapon of mass destruction - , conventional weapons - () , semiautomatic weapons - , semiautomatic weapons - . Syn: arms, implement of war, firearm
17. .
Stark aggression - continental expansion - heavy weapon - - - - weapon of mass destruction - - to put up a defence - - - to overwhelm smb's defences - - - - to control aggression - - inadequate defence - - - - conventional weapons - shuttle diplomacy - - to ensure security - to brandish weapon - - - to handle a weapon - eastward expansion - - - to undermine security - man-to-man defence - - security measures - inadequate defence - outright aggression - - - - - to resort to diplomacy - .
18. , .
| defence | dilatation |
| security | arms |
| withdrawal | offensive |
| aggression | protection |
| expansion | retreat |
| weapon | stability |
19. .
1. Can you prove that NATO welcomed Russia as a participant?
2. Why was the idea of Russia sitting at NATO councils unthinkable in the
past?
3. What is implied under the expression "a hedge against the future?"
4. What kind of new world order is emerging now?
5. What major international organisation can you name? What are their re
sponsibilities?
20. . .
* I do not know weather war is an interlude in peace or peace an interlude to war.
{George Clemenceau)
* The whole history of the world is summed up in the fact that when governments are strong, they are not always just, and when they are wish to be just, they are no longer strong.
{Winston Churchill)
* The way to win an atomic war is to make sure it never starts.
{Omar Bradley)
* The only alternative to co-existence is co-destruction.
{Pandit Nehru)
* I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
{Albert Einstein)
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FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - ( )
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - HACA ( ),
SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative) - ( )
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) - ( ), - RAF (Royal Air Force) - - , - US AF (United States Air Force) - - USS (United States Ship) -
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - ( )
GNP (Gross National Product) - ( )
G7 (Great Seven) -
EEC (European Economic Community) - ( )
EU (European Union) - EC ( )
IMF (International Monetary Fund) - ( )
