Commission on Human Rights has been the central architect of the work of the United Nations in the field of human rights. Commission on Human Rights procedures and mechanisms are mandated to examine, monitor and publicly report either on human rights situations in specific countries or on major phenomena of human rights violations world-wide. The main themes addressed by the Commission are: the right to self-determination; racism; the right to development; the question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in any part of the world; economic, social and cultural rights; civil and political rights, including freedom of expression, the independence of the judiciary, impunity and religious intolerance.
Amnesty International
Amnesty International seeks to inform public opinion about violations of human rights, especially the abridgements of freedom of speech and of religion and the imprisonment and torture of political dissidents, and which actively seeks the release of political prisoners and the relief, when necessary, of their families. Aside from generally publicising governmental wrongdoing in newsletters, annual reports, and background papers, Amnesty International relies strongly on the world-wide distribution of "adoption groups," each of which, staffed by three to eight persons, takes on a limited number of cases of "prisoners of conscience" and barrages the offending government with letters of protest until the prisoners are released. Amnesty International is headquartered in London. Amnesty International's logo is a burning candle wrapped in barbed wire.
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organisation dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. Human Rights Watch believes that international standards of human rights apply to all people equally, and that sharp vigilance and timely protest can prevent the tragedies of the twentieth century from recurring. It stands with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to
Article 15
1. Everyone has the right to a na
tionality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily de
prived of his nationality nor denied
the right to change his nationality.
Article 17
1. Everyone has the right to own
property alone as well as in asso
ciation with others.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily de
prived of his property.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;
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1.
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2.
.
17
1.
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2.
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, ;
19
;
Article 21
1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives...
3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government.
Article 23
1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
Article 24
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 26
1. Everyone has the right to educa
tion. Education shall be free, at least
in the elementary and fundamental
stages...
2. Education shall be directed to the
full development of the human per
sonality and to the strengthening of
respect for human rights and fun
damental freedoms...
Article 29
1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
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11. .
- be subjected to torture - - - free choice of employment - - - freedom of thought, conscience and religion - - - a nongovernmental organisation - - authority of government - residence within the borders of each State - - to hold power - - to be charged with a penal offence - - to prevent discrimination - - the violation of fundamental freedoms - - to be presumed innocent - -equality before the law - - foundation of justice and peace - - provisions forbidding bribery - - to promote respect for the rights and 'freedoms - .
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I. In addition to laying down a catalogue of civil and political rights and freedoms, the Convention set up a system of enforcement of the obligations entered into by Contracting States.
2. Consequently, the Commission devotes much of its time to examining
issues of implementation; its network of mechanisms plays an important
role in reporting to the Commission annually.
3. This assistance takes the form of expert advice, human rights seminars,
national and regional training courses and workshops, fellowships and
scholarships, and other activities aimed at strengthening national ca
pacities for the protection and promotion of human rights.
4. Freeing the slaves after a bloody war left many among the former
planter elite destitute and homeless.
5. The women's rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women
the right to vote.
6. National liberation movements in many countries accomplished the task
of driving out colonial powers.
7. The appeal told the stories of six "prisoners of conscience" from differ
ent countries and of different political and religious backgrounds, all
jailed for peacefully expressing their political or religious beliefs, and
called on governments everywhere to free such prisoners.
8. The conservatives could not forget having been defeated on the nation
wide election and they tried to mobilise their constituents for forthcom
ing county polls.
9. The modern human rights movement appealed to a large group of peo
ple, many of whom were politically inactive, not interested in joining a
political movement, not ideologically motivated, and didn't care about
creating "the perfect society" or perfect government.
10. The organisation named Amnesty International gained the structure it
has mostly by learning from mistakes.
11. Many pro-democracy advocates were extremely upset when the organi
sation dropped this well-known activist from its list of adopted
prisoners, because of his endorsing a violent struggle against persecu
tions.
12. The US had no centralised data system for recording complaints of ra
cial discrimination at the local, state, or federal levels; at the same time
the officials insisted that there was no pervasive discrimination problem
without providing any data to support this contention.
13. In 1961 a group of lawyers, journalists, writers, and others, offended and
frustrated by the sentencing of two Portuguese college students to
twenty years in prison for having raised their glasses in a toast to
"freedom" in a bar, formed Appeal for Amnesty.
14. Ex-senator liked being invited to different public meetings as the last
resort for a retired politician.
15. Early staff members and volunteers got involved in partisan politics
while working on human rights violations in their own countries.
14. , . .
1. In May the people began to return to the region.
2. My reasons to believe in and support human rights stem from what I
saw when I was growing up in Texas, less than two miles from the bor
der with Mexico and Mexico's second largest city.
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3. This Human Rights organisation was set up to protect the human rights
of people around the world.
4. It is believed that international standards of human rights must be ap
plied to all people equally, and that sharp vigilance and timely protest
will not allow the tragedies of the twentieth century to be recurred.
5. The newspapers began to report on human rights abuses in one of the
European countries a decade ago.
6. The organisation started to investigate crimes against humanity com
mitted during the war.
7. The officials repeatedly assured their international critics that those re
sponsible for any abuses in the region would be held accountable.
8. On the eve of the March meeting of the UN Commission on Human
Rights, the international community demonstrated much determination
to tackle this persistent problem, which left millions living in substan
dard conditions.
9. Proposals to hinder migrants' access to basic healthcare and to deny mi
grant children access to education were hotly debated in several coun
tries.
10. European efforts to come to terms with diversity became ever more critical while the European Union is rapidly approaching eastward expansion, set in motion in the heady, early post-Cold War years.
11. The organisation is proud to report accurately of its achievements.
12. The national program was too vague to raise any hope of meaningful
change.
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Appeal
1) , , (to): to make an appeal - , to make an appeal to the public for donations - , emotional appeal - ; 2) : appeal for pardon - . Syn: entreaty, request
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Charge
: to bring / level / make a charge - , to bring charges of smth against smb - - -, to prove / substantiate a charge - , to face a charge - , to throw out / dismiss a charge - / ; to drop / retract / withdraw a charge - , to deny / refute / repudiate a charge - , baseless / fabricated / trumped-up / false charge - , frivolous charge - , charge of murder - , to be arrested on various charges - . Syn: accusation, allegation
Equality
; , (among, between): on an equality with - -, to achieve / attain equality - , racial equality - , religious equality - , total equality - , equality of opportunity - / . Syn: possession of equal rights, equal rights, parity
Liberty
l) : to gain liberty - , individual / personal liberty - , political liberty - , religious liberty - , civil liberties - , to take the liberty of doing smth - -, -. Syn: right, freedom; 2) ,
Property
1) , ; , , : to buy property - / , to confiscate / seize property - / , to inherit property - , to reclaim property - , to sell property - , to transfer property - , tangible / intangible property - / . Syn: belongings, possessions; 2) , ; Syn: ownership
Right
, ; (to): to abdicate / relinquish / sign away / renounce / waive a right - , to achieve / gain a right - , to assert / claim a right - / , to deny (smb) a right - - , to enjoy / exercise a right - , to have a right to smth - -, to protect / safeguard smb's rights - - , to achieve full civil rights - , right of a free press / speech - / , the right to privacy - , inalienable / inherent right - , natural right - , legal / vested right - , political rights - , property rights - , intellectual property rights - , veterans' rights - , voting rights - , civil rights - , human rights - , individual rights - . Syn: prerogative, privilege, freedom
17. .
Vested right - - to repudiate a charge - - - - to face a charge - - to make an appeal - - to have a right to - - to be arrested on various charges - - the right to privacy - to inherit property - -legal right - - intangible property - racial equality - - to make a charge - - to withdraw a charge - equality of opportunity - no-
- - human rights - - - - to enjoy a right - to gain liberty - - - religious equality - - to seize property - - voting rights - - inalienable right - to safeguard smb's rights -emotional appeal - frivolous charge - - - to refute a charge - intellectual property rights - to reclaim property - personal liberty.
18, , .
| property | accusation |
| right | application |
| charge | belongings |
| liberty | prerogative |
| equality | parity |
| appeal | freedom |
19, .
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1. When did the concept of human rights appear in Europe? How did it
evolve throughout the world?
2. What ancient laws and customs were enumerated in the Magna Carta
that later came to be thought of as human rights?
3. What new principles were invented by the modern human rights move
ment?
4. What measures should be put into life to prevent the human rights vio
lation in the world?
5. What is the role of international human rights organisations in contem
porary world?
20, . .
* Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called the children of God.
(St. Matthew, 5:9)
It is better to risk saving a guilty person that to condemn an innocent one.
(Voltaire)
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
(Voltaire)
Better to fight for something than live for nothing.
(George Patton)
* When liberty is mentioned, we must always be careful to observe whether it is not really the assertion of private interests which is thereby presented.
(W. Hazlitt)
* No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
(Herbert Spencer)
> , , : , . , . , .
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity... is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. - , ... , .
. , , , , . , (articles) (sections).
. . , , . - , :
whereas -
it is essential -
everyone has the right to -
in association -
working hours -
authority of government -
freedom of speech and belief-
, , , . :
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In witness thereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.
- ( ) .
> , . - , .
:
Oscar Wilde - Robert Heinlein -
( )
( ). :
George Washington - ( )
Abraham Lincoln - Herbert Spencer -
, , . , (Isaac Newton) XIX . (Isaac Azimov). , - Isaac.
. , , ? - : Hoax, , , .
. :
Noah- Uzziah - Jonas - Job - Jeremy -
, . . , - .
. , -
, , . :
Harold -
William the Conqueror -
Richard the Lion Heart (Coeur de Lion) -
John the Landless -
Stephen of Blois -
Edward -
Henry -
James -
Charles -
George -
Elizabeth -
Victoria -
Mary -
Anne -
, (, ). , II (Prince Charles), {Prince William). , , .
> community -. :
duties to the community - community :
international community - - , :
national community -
, community , Europe was broken into many separate communities. - .
community , . , European community (XV .), (XIX .) (XX .).
:
community of nations community of interest community organisation business community governmental community intelligence community
> : Magna Carta (the Great Charter) -
