(Complex Subject) - .
, , , , , to say, to report, to announce, to state, to suppose. , , . - , . ( ), , , - . - .
is said to write an article. - , . is known to be writing an article. - , .
is supposed to have written the article. - , .
is reported to have been writing the article for two months. - , .
, - .
All problems are known to be subject to solutions. - , , .
: to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen, to chance.
He seems to know all. - , .
She turned out to be on business trip. - , .
She proved to be very busy. - .
The palace appeared to be ruined. - .
They happened to visit London. - .
, - to be likely, unlikely, certain, sure. , .
She is sure to be sent there. - , , .
UNIT 8.
Armed Forces
1.. .
The Armed Services exist to conduct operations on behalf of the Nation, if necessary by engaging in battle; and it is that function which distinguishes them from all others, for the consequences of winning or losing are profound, both to the Nation and to the individual. Military effectiveness is the standard by which the Army will be judged in peace and war, and defines military effectiveness in terms of fighting power. Within the hierarchy of fighting power it lays emphasis on the moral component, which is the ability to get people to fight.
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In the case of the Army, the context in which they must do so is that of land operations. Land operations are by their nature dangerous and physically demanding. They are characterised by uncertainty, fear, fatigue and discomfort, all of which have to be faced and overcome. Ultimately they require soldiers to close with the enemy at short range, often face to face, and fight; and to continue operating while subject to life-threatening attack by conventional, biological and chemical weapons.
The other fundamental characteristic of land operations is that they are a group activity, whether the task be full scale war, peacekeeping, or activity in support of the civil authorities. Even when deployed on their own in dispersed positions soldiers are part of a team, and the effectiveness of that team will depend on each individual, seen or unseen, playing his or her part to the full, and upon the degree to which they contribute to the cohesion of the team as a whole.
Success in such conditions depends above all else on good morale, which is the spirit that enables soldiers to triumph over adversity: morale linked to,
and reinforced by, discipline. Morale is a composite of many factors, including confidence in equipment, good training and sound administration; but ultimately it is bred of conviction in what is being done, and confidence in those with whom and for whom it is being done. Such confidence is itself primarily a product of leadership and comradeship.
High morale cannot be created overnight, but requires the forging in peace of close bonds of professional and personal trust which will withstand the stresses imposed by operational conditions. And it requires from soldiers the commitment and self-sacrifice to put the interests of the team, the task, the unit and the Nation ahead of their own.
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3. , . .
A. Army and Air Force
| United States | Great Britain | |||
| Army | Royal Air Force | |||
| General of the Army (General of the Air Force) | Field Marshal | Marshal of the RAF | ( ) |
| General | General | Air Chief Marshal | - | |
| Lieutenant General | Lieutenant General | Air Marshal | - | |
| Major General | Major General | Air Vice Marshal | - | |
| Brigadier General | Brigadier | Air Commodore | ||
| Colonel | Colonel | Group Captain | ||
| Lieutenant Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel | Wing Commander | ||
| Major | Major | Squadron Leader | ||
| Captain | Captain | Flight Lieutenant | ||
| First Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Flying Officer | ||
| Second Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | Pilot Officer | ||
| Master Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer Warrant Officer | Warrant Officer First Class Warrant Officer Second Class | Warrant Officer Master Aircrew |
. Navy
| United States | Great Britain | ||
| Fleet Admiral | Admiral of the Fleet | ||
| Admiral | Admiral | ||
| Vice Admiral | Vice Admiral | - | |
| Rear Admiral | Rear Admiral | - | |
| Commodore | Commodore | ||
| Captain | Captain | 1 | |
| Commander | Commander | 2 | |
| Lieutenant Commander | Lieutenant Commander | 3 | |
| Lieutenant | Lieutenant | - | |
| Lieutenant Junior Grade | Sub-Lieutenant | ||
| Ensign | Midshipman | ||
| Chief Warrant Officer Warrant Officer |
4. . . .
