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1. 1.




81.2 -9 20

: . . . .

. ., . ., . .

20 : ./ .: . , 1981. 285 . 90 .

. : , ; ; . .

70104-409 155-81 4602010000 81 2 -9

001(01)81 4 ()

, 1981.


, .

, , , (), , , , .

, . , - . , , . , , , . , .

; , , . , . , , ; , , .

, , XX . , , , .

. . , .. , . . .

. . . ( . ) . . . . . . . . , .

 


1.0.1. . , . , , , .

, , . , . . , . , , ( ) , , , (. . ) . , , , .

, , , . : , . , , , , . . , , .

, . put on, take hold, (), . , , . , : (he) puts on, took hold. : put it on, take firm hold.


, , , , , . , ; . , .

, . . , .

. . , , . . (), () . , , .

, , . . , . , . ; , , , , . , : , , - , . , , . . , (). , , .

, , .

: , . . ; , . . . : (. -r writer -r longer). . (1.6.21.5).

. ; .


, . . , , , - (black, blackish, blacken). black-.

, , . , , , fresh, refreshment, freshen, speaker, actor (//), great-ly, quick-ly, nice-ly. : , , physic physician /'fizik fi'ziSn/, come came; quiet-ude, serv-itude, dream-ed /d/, walk-ed /t/, load-ed /id/.

, , , . .

, . . . , , - . .

, , , , , , . , - , , ; - , , , . - , . . () 1: , street street street; walk , walked, walking, walk. ; , , man men, child children, . ,

1 , , (, ; hand, hands). , , (, . . ), . . , . . .


, , : () , .

. , , . , , , . . . teacher, -s.

, , , , . . , , , , . . . Mac , . . , , ( ) , (. -, -, - . .).

; . , , ; , , , .

, , . , , , . , - . window, , - , - . , . . , . , .

, ; , ,


; , , , , .

1.0.2. . , . . , , . . , - (, , ) , , ; - (, , ) , , . . , -s rooms , -ed ( ), -ing . : -s ( , . , 1.6.8); , , -ed, -ing. ; ; - ox-en, childr-en.

, , , , , , , , . , His daughter Mary's arrival -'s ; , ; , *His daughter's Mary's arrival . (1.2.6).

, , , . , . , . : , , , . ,


. ( ) keep kept, ride rode ridden, men's. children's, - 's. , , , , . , -'s (1.2.6) (1.2.6). , (buildings), , - , . , , . , . , .

1.0.3. . . , , , , .

, . , , . . , .

, . , , . . , , : (, , , ). ,


, . , , ; , . . , , , , : , , - ; . , , .

. ; , , . . , . . , . . ; . . , . . , . . ; . . .

, , , , . , , , , . , , . , , : (, ); - (, ); , (, much, many, little, few, , ); - .

. , . , , , . ( , .) , . .


() () . (, ) , . , , , . , : The oak is a tree. The mouse is a rodent. , ( ): Oaks are trees. Mice are rodents. , , ( , . .) , (1.2.5.1, 1.6.20.2), , , . , , .

, , ; . , .

, . (1.1.2). , , .

1.0.4. . . , .

, . (). . , . , , , , , -, , . . , : , , . . , .


, , . , . . , -s , , : tables, boys; : Tisch-e, Knabe-n; -, -: , .

, , : , , . . , . , , , ; . (, ): . . . .; . der Brief . .; . la lettre . .; . . .; . das Haus . .; . la maison . .

, , . .

, - , : . , , , ( ), (gold, silver, oxygen, gratitude). , , , , . , , , (was jumping, was shooting, was winking).

, . , gold, silver, hydrogen,


gratitude, , . , , , , . ( , ); , . , , , . , , . ., , . , . ; - . .

, , , . e. . , . , , - .

1.0.5. . , , . :

1) , . e. ; , . e. , : street-s, approach-ed; , : foot feet; find found. , , , , . e. : aunt and uncle's arrival. e. : uncle's arrival. , , (1.2.6).

2) ; , , , : to be am was; good letter the best.

3) . , .


, : is coming, has been asked, is being built.

, :

1) , ; ( ), , . , , , . , has given , had, been, sent.

2) , . , , . : .

3) ; . , was driving the car the car ; had often remembered often , .

 

1.1.

1.1.1. . , , - , . , , , .

, , . . : , . , , , , . , , ( ) .


, . , , . , . . -. . , , . , , , , , , ; . , , : .

(- ), , . , . ; .

. , , . , . (declinables) , , . , , (indeclinables).

, , , . , (noun-words) , , (noun-pronouns), (noun-numerals), ; , , (adjective-pronouns), (adjective-numerals) . ; ; , , (tense) .

, , .

, ; ,


, , , , , . , : , , , , ; , , , .

. , , , , , . e. , . , , ( ), , must, the, then, for, enough ; , .

: , , ( ). (primary), . e. , ; (secondary), . e. , (tertiary), . e. . , a furiously barking dog dog , barking, , , furiously . ; , , . , (2.2.6). , . , , , , , . , , , () , ; , , , . , , . . (Ch. Fries. The Structure of English). , . ,


, , . , 1 , concert The concert was good tax The clerk remembered the tax; 2 is/was, remembered ; 3 good The (good)concert was good, 4 there

31 2 3 4

The is/was there

, . , , , 1 , . , concert , 1; , 1 , 2, . e. ; , man, he, the others, another 1, came.

, 15 . , ". function words, , , , , , (1.1115).

, , the, . e. , . , : the, no, your, their, both, few, much, John's, our, four, twenty...

, 1, ; , the. ; , , ( , , N not, there there is, please ). , , , , , : , 2 ( ); , .

, , , ; , , , . , , . :


, , , , .

, - . . . , . , .

, . . .

. , ; , , , , , . , . : , , , . , , , , . , , , . , beautiful , *beautifuller, *beautifullest. , , , , . , beautiful, , fine, ; , adjectivals, (adjectives). pronominals , pronouns. , , (constituent) . ; , , , , .

, , , , : , ; .

. . . : nominals, verbals, adjectivals, adverbials; : , , , , . ,


; , , ; (, ), . . , .

, . -, ; -, - . , , , , , .

, , , . (, , ) , , , . , .

1.1.2. . , , , . . . . (., 1974)1. . , ; , , . , , . , , , . , , , .

1.1.3. . : .

1 . , . . - (E. . E. . , . . , . . ), , , - ,


, , .. : table, dog, joy, strength; to bring, to cry, to enumerate; big, difficult; soon, well. , . , , . e. , . , . : . ; .

, . e. . , , of, and, since, the, (. , relation, meaning . ., ). , , : the colour of the sky, dogs and cats, the dog, a dog.

, , , ; , (, , , , ); , , . , , , ; . ; .

. , . . , , , have I have a new television set. , : I have lost my gloves. , .






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