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I) - , , , . . - ( ), ( ) . .
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- , . , , , , - . , , , , , . , ... ! , , . .
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, , , . (. . , . . , . . , . G. Widdowson).
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, : , , , , , (. . . . . ). , , , , , , , , . , , -- , , , (J. Brewster). , .. (A. Holliday). (Interaction) (Cooperation) , (Task) (. Piepho). , , , , , (W. Linlewood). , , (. . .). - , (. . ).
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, , .
1. - .
(. . , . . , . . .). , , , , (. . , . . , . . ) .
1.1. - (activities). (techniques) (exercises).
, - , . - , , , .. .
1.2. - , .
: (communication games):
(communicative simulations in role-plays and problem-solving):
(socialisation).
1.3. - (here and now).
. (F. Perls) -. , - ;
:
.
1.4. - (it's-the-process-that-matters).
1.5. - .
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, , . (spoken grammar) . , , , , . - . .
2. - .
. (N. Chomsky) ( ) (D. Hymes). , , .
, . . ( ), - ( ), ( ) ( ) . , . . . (L. F. Bachman). , , , (), -, . , .
2.1. , .
2.2. , (message) .
2.3. , - .
, . :
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(infering from the text);
(role-play and problem-solving);
(game challenge).
3.1. - (interactive activities).
, . . . , ( pyramid grouping).
3.2. - , (information gap).
"information gap" :
picture gap ( , , , , matching Itasks);
text gap ( , , , , jig-saw reading);
knowledge gap ( , , complete-the-table tasks);
belief/opinion gap ( , );
reasoning gap ( , ).
3.3. - .
: (sequencing);
- (cause-and-consequence reasoning);
(critical thinking); (hypothesis); (guessing); (classification); (comparison and contrast); (rating); (discovery); (interpretation); (inferencing); (judgement); (odd-one-out).
(information transfer).
:
(decontextualisation);
(contextualisation).
:
) ( );
) (, , );
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) ( );
) "mindmap" ( );
) "flow chart" ( ).
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, (implicit knowledge), (explicit knowledge). , , (R. Ellis). , .
