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, , () . Δf0(), f ( - formation) , .

298,15 (250). () Δf0298 . /. (Cl2, H2, O2, S ) .

(Δ0298) ( . obustion - ) Δr0298 . , . 2(), 2(). , , N2(), - Cl, Br, I, - HCl(),, HBr(), HI(), SO2(). - .

 


 

1840 .. , , .

: , - , .. , ( ).

, V,T = const,

Qv = ΔrU0298, , = const,

Q = Δr0298

:

4NH3() + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6H2O(); Δr0298 = Δr1 = - 1166

: , :

4NH3() + 3O2() = 2N2() + 6H2O(); Δr0298 = Δr2 = - 1531,2

2N2() + 2O2() = 4NO() ; Δr0298 = Δr3 = 365,2

Δr1 = Δr2 + Δr3

-1166 = -1531,2 + 365,2

.

. .

:

v 1 1 + v 2 2 = v 3 3 + v 4 4; Δr0298

Δr0298 = [ v 3 Δf0298 (3) + v 4 Δf0298 (4) ] - [ v 1 Δf0298 (1) + v 2 Δf0298 (2)]

. .

, :

v 1 + v 2 = v 3 + v 4 D; Δr0298

Δr0298 = [ v 1 Δ0298 () + v 2 Δ0298 () ] - [ v 3 Δ0298 () + v 4 Δ0298 (D)]

 

.

.

( 298 ), . .

:

v 1 1 + v 2 2 = v 3 3 + v 4 4; Δr0()

i , 1 i,

Δr0() = (v 3 3 + v 4 4) - (v 1 1 + v 2 2)

:

(1.37)

(1.30), i . (1.37)

[Δr0()] (1.38)

[Δr0()] = Δ0 (1.38)

:

(Δr0()) = Δ0 (1.39)

d(Δr0()) = Δ0 d (1.40)

(1.39) (1.40) . (1.40),

Δr0() = Δ I + (1.41)

Δ I - 1 2.

1 = 298 , Δr0298

Δr0( ) = Δr0298 + (1.42)

. . Δ = 0, .. .

Δr0( ) = Δr0( ) = const, .. . , Δ0 = const; Δ0 (1.42) .

Δr0( ) = Δr0298 + Δ (2 - 298)

, , Δ 0 = + . Δ0 = f (T) : Δ0 = Δ + Δ, Δ = Σ v iai ( ) - Σ v jaj ( )

Δ. (1.42) :

Δr0( ) = Δr0298 +

:

Δr0( ) = Δr0298 + Δ (2 - 298) + (22 2982)


, .

 

1.

()

4() + 22() 2() + 22()

.

: .

Δ0298 = - =

= -393,5 + 2(- 285,8) - (-74,9) - 0 = -890,2 < 0

 

2.

213() → 1() + 32(); Δ0298 = -75,4 .

: .

Δ0298 = 2 ,

,

0,5 (2 ,) = 0,5 [(2(-436,7) + 0 (-75,4)] =

= 0,5 (-873,4 + 75,4) = -399 /

3.

2NO() + 2() → 2NO2() (Q = Δ0298) (Qv = ΔU0298)

:

Q = Δ0298 = 2 * 34,2 2 * 91,3 - 0 = -114,2 =

= - 114200

Δ0298 = ΔU0298 + Δ V RT

Qv = ΔU0298 = Δ0298 - Δ V RT

Δ V = 2 (2+1) = - 1

Qv = ΔU0298 = - 114200 (-1) * 8,31 * 298 = - 111724 = - 111,7

 

4.

22() 66() 1300 3302 /. .

322()66()

:

Δ0298 = = 3 (- 1300) (- 3302) = - 598


 





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