(1.12)
- ΔU = - Q + (1.13)
.. .
Δ (, .) . 1.12
δQ = dU + δA = dU + dV + δA` (1.14)
δ ,
δA` - , , , .. ( );
dV , . , , A' = 0 (1.14) :
δQ = dU + dV(1.15)
() .
:
1. .
V= const, dV= 0, (1.15)
δQ V = dU (1.16)
Q V = (1.17)
, δQ V . , ( ) . V = const, : ) ; ) ; ) , , , H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl ()
2. ( = const), (1.15),
δQ = dU + d V = d (U + P V) = d (1.18)
. V , , V . , , V. V .
, .
, , .
:
Q = ΔU + PΔ V = U2 U1 + (V 2 V 1) = (U2 + V 2) (U1 + V 1) = 2 1 = Δ (1.19)
, , , . , , .
3.
= const . , . U = const (1.15) :
|
|
δQ = d V (1.20)
Q = (1.21)
, .
4.
δQ = 0 (1.15) :
δ = - dU (1.22)
= - ΔU (1.23)
, .
Q, i- m v 1 2. Q, i- ( )
Q = v (1.24)
, - ;
- .
- .
v = 1 Q = (1.25)
= (1.26)
, i- ( m ).
, 1 , δQ, d.
,
δQ = CdT (1.27)
= δQ / dT (1.28)
- . (1.26) (1.28) , 1 1 . - (/ ∙)
i-
(1.29)
(1.30)
, v .
= U + pv = U + RT, - v = R (1.31)
, 10 = const , , ; V = const .
- v > R, , R.
. , . , , = v.
, . (1819 .): 25 /∙. , , , , .
, 25 * n / ∙, n , . , , (1831 .) .
|
|
- ( ) , :
Si | F | S | /∙ | |||||
7,53 | 9,62 | 11,3, | 15,90 | 16,74 | 20,92 | 22,59 | 22,59 |
25,94 /∙.
1: - (B2O3).
: , , (B2O3) = 2 * 11,30 + 3 * 16,74 = 72,82 /∙
(B2O3) = 62,97 /∙ 250. 15,6 %. , , ,
= 1 * 1 + 2 * 2 (1.32)
1, 2 ;
1, 2 ( ).
= 32,43 n, (1,33), n , , (, BeCl2, MgBr2).
.
, , - , .
1.