- 1 . , .
: . , , , . , . .
: - . . , , , . . 10% 16. , , , . - .
, - , , . 1980- . , . .
. 12-39. , . . . , , . .
. . . (. 12-39). 1980- , :
|
|
1) , ;
2) , ;
3) , .
, .
1980- . , , . 12-6. , , , , .
12-6
(PCA) | American, 20/20 Dentaurum, Fascination GAC, Allure Rocky Mnt, Signature Unitak, Transcend |
PCA | Unitek, Clarity |
A Co., Starfire | |
Yamaura, Toray |
: (, ) , .
, . , , , . , , .
- . , , . , 17. , .
. 12-40. . (Unitwin, Unitek). B (Rematitan, Dentarum). C (Allure, GAC). D (Transcend, Unitek). E (Starfire, A Co.). F (Toray, Yamaura). ( ). ( Dr. R.Kusy.)
|
|
2000 3500 /. , , 18. , , .
. 12-41. , -, NiTi -ҳ - (Starlire) (Allure, Transcend) . , , . (. : Kusy RP, Whitley JQ: Sern Orthod 3:166-177, 1997.)
, , . (. 12-40). , , , , , , - .
. 12-42. -ҳ, . , -ҳ . ( R. Kusy; .)
, -ҳ (. 12-41)19. -ҳ, (. 12-42). : , , , , .
. 12-43. . , . .
, . , , (. 12-43). , . , .
, . . , . , . , , .
|
|
. :
1) , ( ) , 20;
2) ( ). . , 21.
, , (. 10), , . , , . , .
, . NiTi -ҳ . ?
: , . , .
. 12-44. . .
. , , , , , 22. , , , (. 12-44).
. 12-45. II, I. , - . .
II . II , (. 12-45). . , . . . , . , .
|
|
, . BonwillHawley . . , . , .
, . . , . , . , , (. 12-46). .
. 12-46. , , . , .
, , , , . , .
, Brader Brader, . , (. 12-47). , Brader . .
. 12-47. Brader , , , . , Brader, , (. . 12-46).
, Brader, , . , , Brader , . , Brader, , , 23; .
, , , .
, . , , .
1. Angle EH: The latest and best in orthodontic mechanisms, Dent Cosmos 70:1143-1158, 1928.
|
|
2. Begg PR, Kesling PC: Begg orthodontic theory and technique, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1977, WB. Saunders.
3. Zuriarrain JL, Echeverria JE, del Valle J, Thompson WJ: Our experience in combining mechanics, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 110:575589, 1996.
4. Kesling PC, Rocke RT, Kesling CK: Treatment with TipEdge brackets and differential tooth movement, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 99:387-401, 1991.
5. Andrews LF: Straight wire: the concept and appliance, San Diego, 1989, LA Wells.
6. Berger JL: The SPEED appliance: a 14-year update on this unique self-ligating orthodontic mechanism, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 105:217223, 1994.
7. Pizzoni L, Revnholt G, Meisen B: Frictional forces related to self-ligating brackets, Eur J Orthod 20:283-291, 1998.
8. Creekmore T: Lingual orthodonticsits renaissance, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 96:120-137, 1989.
9. Powers JM, Kim HB, Turner DS: Orthodontic adhesives and bond strength testing, Sem Orthod 3:147-156, 1997.
10. Stirrups DR: A comparative trial of a glass ionomer and a zinc phosphate cement for securing orthodontic bands, Brit J Orthod 18:1520, 1991.
11. Olsen ME, Bishara SE, Boyer DB et al: Effect of varying etching times on the bond strength of ceramic brackets, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 109:403-409, 1996.
12. Artun J, Bergland S: Clinical trials with crystal growth conditioning as an alternative to acid-etch enamel pretreatment, Am J Orthod 85:333340, 1984.
13. Banks PA, Burn A, O'Brien K: A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of including fluoride into an orthodontic bonding adhesive, Eur J Orthod 19:391-396, 1997.
14. Burstone CJ: Precision lingual arches: passive applications, J Clin Orthod 22:444-452, 1988.
15. Burstone CJ: Precision lingual arches: active applications, J Clin Orthod 23:101-109, 1989.
16. Bass JK, Fine H, Cisneros GJ: Nickel hypersensitivity in the orthodontic patient, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 103: 280-285, 1993.
17. Flores DA, Caruso IM, Scott GE, Jeroudi MT: The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study, Angle Orthod 60:269276, 1990.
18. Holt MH, Nanda RS, Duncanson MG: Fracture resistance of ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion, Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 99:287-293, 1991.
19. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ: Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials, Sem Orthod 3:166-177, 1997.
20. Bishara SE, Fehr DE: Ceramic brackets: something old, something new, a review, Sem Orthod 3:177-188, 1997.
21.Dovgan JS, Walton RE, Bishara SE: Electrothermal debracketing: patient acceptance and the effects on the dental pulp, J Dent Res 69:300, 1990 (abst. 1531).
22. Joondeph DB, Riedel RA: Retention. In Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL (editors): Orthodontics: current principles and techniques, ed 3, St. Louis, Mosby, in press.
23. Braun S, Hnat WH, Fender WE, Legan HL: The form of the human dental arch, Angle Orthod 68:29-36, 1998.