. 12-24. , -. () () . . . . ; , - .
- , , , (. 12-24). , - , .
. .
. 12-25. . , .
12-25. - , . , , , , . , , . .
. 12-26. ( ) , - , - . (offset).
. , 12-26. , - , -. 10 (. 12-27) (offset). , .
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. 12-27. () () . , .
, . Offset 57, , . . offset 12-2.
12-2
Offset
1- | 2- | 1- | 2- | |
(Andrews) | ||||
Roth | ||||
Alexander | ||||
Burstone | ||||
Hilgers | ||||
(Ricketts) | 0,12 | 0,12 | ||
(Bench) | 0,15 | 0,6 | ||
Root/Tweed | ||||
Hesund | ||||
Cetlin | ||||
Orthos |
. 12-28. , , . ( ) . (. : Andrews LF: J Clin Orthod 12:179, 1976.)
. - , , (. . 12-24, ). , (. 12-28). , , (. 12-29). , .
. 12-29. . , 1960- . , -. .
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. 12-30, , 1 . . () 12-3.
12-3
/ ()
1- | 2- | 1- | 2- | ||||
(Andrews) | |||||||
Roth | |||||||
Alexander | |||||||
Burstone | |||||||
Hilgers | |||||||
(Ricketts) | |||||||
(Bench) | |||||||
Root/Tweed | -15 | ||||||
Hasund | |||||||
Cetlin | |||||||
Orthos | |||||||
Orthos AP* | |||||||
1- | 2- | 1- | 2- | ||||
(Andrews) | |||||||
Roth | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | |||
Alexander | -6 | -6,0 | |||||
Burstone | |||||||
Hilgers | 5,6 | -5 | -5 | ||||
(Ricketts) | |||||||
(Bench) | -5, 0 | -5 | |||||
Root/Tweed | -4 | -4 | -6, -4 | -10,-6 | -15, -10 | ||
Hasund | |||||||
Cetlin | |||||||
Orthos | |||||||
Orthos AP* |
* .
. 12-30. . - , I , , (). () -. (. : Andrews LF: Am J Orthod 62:296, 1972.)
, . : . , 12-31, .
. 12-31. . . .
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, . , , . . , , 12-3, .
. 12-32. . , . (. : Tweed CH: Clinical Orthodontics, St Louis, 1966, Mosby.)
. Tweed . (, 12-32), ( , Unitek) Tweed , . . , , .
, , , , , . , , . . , . .
() . , , , . - (. . 12-24). , , (. 12-33). , , .
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. 12-33. - ( ) . , . , .
. , ( ). , , .
, (. 12-4).
12-4
/
1- | 2- | 1- | 2- | ||||
(Andrews) | -7 | -7 | -7 | -9 | -9 | ||
Roth | -2 | -7 | -7 | -14 | -14 | ||
Alexander | -3 | -7 | -7 | -10 | -10 | ||
Burstone | -7 | -7 | -10 | -10 | |||
Hilgers | -7 | -10 | -10 | ||||
(Ricketts) | |||||||
(Bench) | -7 | -7 | -10,0 | -10 | |||
Root/Tweed | -7 | -7 | -10 | -10 | |||
Hasund | -2 | -11 | -11 | -20 | -25 | ||
Cetlin | -2 | -7 | -7 | -14 | -14 | ||
Orthos | -3 | -6 | -8 | -10 | -10 | ||
Orthos AP* | -2 | -3 | -10 | -10 | |||
1- | 2- | 1- | 2- | ||||
(Andrews) | -1 | -1 | -11 | -17 | -22 | -30 | -33 |
Roth | -1 | -1 | -11 | -17 | -22 | -30 | -30 |
Alexander | -5 | -5 | -7 | -11 | -17 | -22 | -27 |
Burstone | -1 | -1 | -11 | -17 | -22 | -27 | -27 |
Hilgers | -1 | -1 | -17 | -27 | -27 | ||
(Ricketts) | -14 | -22 | -32 | ||||
(Bench) | -1 | -1 | -11 | -22 | -27,0 | -27 | |
Root/Tweed | -11 | -11 | -22 | -22 | |||
Hasund | -11 | -11 | -17 | -22 | -25 | ||
Cetlin | -5 | -11 | -17 | -25 | -25 | ||
Orthos | -5 | -5 | -6 | -7 | -9 | -10 | -10 |
Orthos AP* | -2 | -8 | -8 | -10 | -10 |
* .
12-5
() | () | |||
18 | ||||
16×16 | 10,9 | 0,0 | 11,1 | 19,1 |
16×22 | 9,3 | 0,7 | 12,7 | 20,7 |
17×25 | 4,1 | 5,9 | 17,9 | 25,9 |
18×18 | 1,5 | 8,5 | 20,5 | 28,5 |
18×25 | 1,0 | 9,0 | 21,0 | 29,0 |
22 | ||||
16×16 | 21,9 | 0,1 | 8,1 | |
16×22 | 15,5 | 6,5 | 13,5 | |
17×25 | 9,6 | 0,4 | 12,4 | 20,4 |
18×18 | 4,1 | 5,9 | 17,9 | 25,9 |
18×25 | 1,8 | 8,2 | 20,2 | 28,2 |
/ . . (. : Sernetz: Kieferorthop Mitteil 7:13-26, 1993.)
, :
1) , ( , );
2) (.. ) ( , , , , , , );
3) .
12-5 , , . 18 (.. ), 22, 18 17 18 , 22 21 22 ; 18. 22 , - .
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, , . . , .