.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





. , . . , , , , .

 

.1. , .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ,

 

. , (), 15 .

15. 1 , 1. 2 .

(1)
→ x → s(x) →

, 1

→ x → s(x) →

(2)
→ y

4 , (2) . 3 ,

(3)
1 → s(1) → → x → s(x) →

, 5 , 14

(4)
1 → a → → b → g →

(18581932), (3). .

 

.2.
, 15, (3) N
1. 1 $ x (x:= 1)
2. x S(x), x "x $ y (y = S(x)) "x, y (y = x Þ S(x) = S(y))
3. "x (S(x) ¹ 1)
4. "x, y (S(x) = S(y) Þ x=y)
5. . ΜÌΝ 1, x 24 ( 14 T(x)). Ν Ì Μ
"x (xÎM)L(T(x)) Þ M=N

 

, , , . , (18871963). (3)

→ a2 → α1 → α0 → α1 → a2

, S. y

y = S (S (S(1))),

S (S (S(1))) - .

y .

,
1, 2, 3, , n, n +1, , , . 0, 1, 2, , 9. , , " a Î N

a = a n a n 1 a1a0 = a 10 n + a n 1 ˙ 10 n 1 + + a1 ˙ 10 + a0,

a0, a1, , anÎ(0, 1, , 9)Ù(a n ¹0).

.2, , . , , . .

1.2. ,

. . :

 

  N   L +; " "   Z (, )
         
Z L ; : . Q

2

1

m/n, : m, n, N, n 0 Q. , ´,:, .

, , .

, , .

: a N

a = anKn +... + a 1 K + a o(5)

. a o, a 1 ,..., a n 0,1,2,..., K1. K 10, K 0,1,2,..., 1. () 1, 2 ,..., n ( , , ).

K , , .

.

.

= 247 = 2 . 102 +4 . 10+7, = 378 = 3 . 102 + 7 . 10 + 8

= +.

, , , :

7+8 = 10+5 ()

4.10 + 7 . 10 = 102+10 ()

2 . 102 + 3 . 102 = 5 . 102 ()

, = +:

= (102 +5 . 102) + (10+10)+5 = 6. 102 +2 . 10+5 = 625

.

, 197<211, 197<2.102, 211 > 2.102.

, .

, (6)

:

(7)

, (6) (7) .

a, b N, (a > b) m, n N, (m<a, n<b) ,

= bm+n (8)

2

, , , .

1

(7) , , .. , :

(9)

, ,

, (9) n :





:


: 2015-11-05; !; : 546 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1556 - | 1324 -


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