- , , , 131.
, , , , . , , . , R
, /, , . 2.5, ( ).
, . , . , 10 1011! , . . .
() :
-- 1,38 10"23 / ; , ; / == /2 /i / /2, .
( ) , . , (2.15).
, -- . , , , . , p-n- , , () i = nq, q= 1,6 10~19 . . -- 1010 1011 .
:
(2.\7)
-- /1 /, :
|
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* = (" % = 0 ((£/) _ 1)( (2. 18)
.
. . --
i'yiip, /vnp - = i (',
(2.19)
( >0) i > 2i0 . i i0 .
, --, . - , . , &.. = 2qi3Af, / , - 1 *.. = 2 <7t 'KOA/, iK0 .
, , , , . ( = i3 (1 ), = 1// .
, - .
, (/..) ((..) . 1-. = 1 ..>
, 0 .
, ( ), .
. 2.5, , -- . , £'> < . 1,. 1. -
. ,
'. = (1 ) '.> '. "G'o'iii.ei
|*5,. = (1 0)2
(. = &' .. ] '. ' ( ), . . . = 2q7KO Af -j +2qi aa0 (1 a) Af.
, ( ), , .
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, ,
7.. = 4*(2/3-3/4)5/, (2.21)
S - ; 2/3 3/4 , , .
, ( ), . . .
, , , .
-
, , . . (. 2.6, ). -. // 22 , , iml fmi (. 2.6, )..
, , imu 12 , 11 '2
(. 2.6, ). -, <'1, 12 . , , . . |/ (/)!'- G. (/). -
iml, 12 (/), /2 (/) (. 2.6, ). / (/). /2 (/). /1_/2-
. . /2 . ,
_ ]_mJYji, fji [an
^^ (. 2.6, ). (. 2.6, ), / /,.
/ ( /) . . 2.6,
(2.22)
. 2.6, , .
Rus, Gm = = GK0P + jBK0P. () Rm Gm . ,
, /? 0, FKop , , , .
, / Gn. Gm Gu:
|
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(2.26)
' ,҄. (2.27)
, Gm~tuGlu (2.28)
, : ,
N)i GKOp, 5.
2.4.
, , .
, , , Rn , .
, , " /?, /?2 Rn = = (TzRz + TRnRn)/(Rx + Ra). ,
(2.29)
Rn /?jH ,\ 7£.
, Tz t-z = Tz/T0. , 8 Tj (, 9), -
G (, 6), ,
dQ .
Q\ GQ\ [ G (,
9) dQ = 4.
(Qj QA, Qj Tj)
Tj -■- const ,
2.5.
. , . .
, , .
. , Zc Rc + jXc
(/). , Rc RA = = Rx + R, 7 (/) (/). /?. . 2.7.
( = ./. (2-33)
, 1 (/) /, RH, . , .
, Ru, , . .
, . . (/), . , () . df, /.
|
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, -
. 2.8
(J) , , . (/) = 0 = 300 . , ' (/).
, , . .
.
, () - (T4(f)) ( ) , ,
( ). Rc (. 2.8).
, . . . 2.8 Rc _ de^.3 = - .+(. = 4k [ (/) + (/)] xRcdf, , , , defu, (/). . , . 2.8
7,,(/>=(/)1/(.(/)-11= 9[ (/)-!]. (2.38)
, , . i
() , .
, 1. (2.34), (2.36)1 -
, :
(2.39)
,|1|1. (/)> ^..
if) , .
. 2.8 (/) = 0
() (1)
. (2-41)
(2.42)
, ., :
/0
, , , . . (/) = const, (!) - const, (f) = const.
- (2.43), (2.44) < . , .
, (/0) (/) =
= ./1 4£7? - ., /, ^.
.
(2.45)
, , . ^. . /, El/e '^.c-
, . 2.6, . , (. 2.9). / / Yc -f-+
f + YU), = /7( + + ). . 2.9, . 2.9, . / / £,.= £. + + £ + , .. /, £, / '.
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,
(2.23), (2.24), (2.25),
(2.48), (2.49) . : (Gm = Gu), GKop
^"
Gc,
-^ 0,^ --
- r aGf rtrt,.
=s 0,
*copt = -(flu I )- (2.51)
(2.51) (2.50),
, , .
GcoptP ^11> ^copt^ ^. - -
.
(2.50), (2.51) .
- (, ), , , , , . . , .
߄1 -
GKop, , (2.48 (2.49). .
, , :
(2.52
(2.53) , ( ) , .
(2.53) = =
(2.54
. . ) . , . 2.10
(2.55
(. ..) (..). (2.55)
i 1- .
(2.56) .
,
( l)-
, , . ,
(2.57)
, .
( , , , , .)
. . 1 1/. 1 'lay, . ~
= ^.. .
, , :
, .
2.6.
/ :
(2.60)
R\, . /0. , ,
Ä ( ).
, (7? = /?, = ):
, ^ = 1/(4/? ). , ( ):
i kT0 = 4 10~21 /, , ( + tA 1) -- / = \/0 .
3
3.1.
, - . , . - .
, £\ ZA, / . / = EJZa = = £, = 1 /2.
ZA, , , -
. , , , £ = hRE, .
, Z.\ . ZA . , , , ZA (. 3 .1). , L\, R\ , , £ . , , . , , -
/?. , \ = £/4, = /I/4GA.
: