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: (Florence Nightingale)
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| prominence - tend - - contribution - | compassion - commitment - diligent |
Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English nurse, writer and statistician. She came to prominence for her pioneering work in nursing during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was named "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night. Nightingale laid the founda-tion of professional nursing with the establishment, in 1860, of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London, the first nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London. The first official nurses training program, the Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in 1860. The mission of the school was to train nurses to work in hospitals, work with the poor, and to teach.
Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nur-sing profession. She set an example of compassion, commit-ment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital ad-ministration. The work of her School of Nursing continues today as the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London. The Nightingale Buil-ding in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the Univer-sity of Southampton is also named after her. International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday each year.
29. 20 (20TH-CENTURY MEDICINE)
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| conquered- combated- to alter - transmission of here-ditary traits - are transmitted - | cancer substance deoxyribonucleic acid subsequently to synthesize - |
In the 20-th century, many infectious diseases were conquered through vaccines, antibiotics and other drugs, and improved living conditions. Cancer became a more common illness, but treatments were developed that effectively combated some forms of the disease. Basic research into life systems was also begun in the 20-th century. Important discoveries were made in many areas, especially concerning the basis for the transmission of hereditary traits and the chemical and physical mechanisms for brain function.
Genetics. A fundamental discovery of the 20-th century was how hereditary characteristics are transmitted. An important advance was made by Oswald Theodore Avery and his colleagues at the Rockefeller Institute in the 1940s when they showed that certain characteristics could be passed from one bacterium to another on a substance called DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
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In 1953 the English biophysicist Francis Crick and the American biochemist James Watson proposed an elegant chemical structure for DNA that helped to explain how DNA could carry genetic information. The American biochemist Marshal Warren Nirenberg provided essential details of this scheme in the 1960s, and the Indian-born American biochemist Har Gobind Khorana first used this information to synthesize a gene in 1970.
Scientists subsequently developed methods to alter genes and copy genes, and by the mid-1980s some of these techniques were beginning to be used medically.
I. . .
1. What fundamental discovery was made in 20-th century?
a) the discovery of penicillin
b) the discovery of the transmission of hereditary traits
c) the discovery of cancer
2. When and who has firstly synthesized a gene?
a) In 1953 the English biophysicist Francis Crick and the American biochemist James Watson;
b) The American biochemist Marshal Warren Nirenberg in the 1960s;
c) the Indian-born American biochemist Har Gobind Khorana in 1970;
3. What methods were developed concerning genes?
a) to develop genes and copy genes;
b) to form genes and copy genes;
c) to alter genes and copy genes;
II. c :
Diseases were conquered, common illness, effectively combated, brain function, hereditary characteristics, from one bacterium to another, a substance called DNA, an elegant chemical structure, carry genetic information, provided essential details, developed methods, the mid-1980s, deoxyribonucleic acid, essential details, to synthesize a gene, to alter genes, the mid-1980s.
