1927 . , , , , . . , , , ( ), , , . - .
C, , , .
, , . , , .. , , 90% . .
.
n , (.. ) .
(.. ) n-1.
m l (.. ) 0+ .
ms (.. ), 1/2.
(2 +1). .
n=1 | l=0 | m=0 | 1s |
n=2 | l=0 | m=0 | 2s |
l=1 | m=-1,0,1 | 2px, 2py,2pz | |
n=3 | l=0 | m=0 | 3s |
l=1 | m=-1,0,1 | 3px,3py,3pz | |
l=2 | m=2,1,0 | 3d (5 ) | |
n=4 | l=0 | m=0 | 4s |
l=1 | m=-1,0,1 | 4px,4py,4pz | |
l=2 | m=2,1,0 | 4d (5 ) | |
l=3 | m=3, 2, 1,0 | 4f (7 ) |
F 1s22s22p5 - :
2s 2p
1s | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | |||
¯ | ||||||
:
|
|
1. ( ), , . , . . .
( ) , 2n2 2(2 +1) .. .
2. , , . , p :
2p
¯ |
3. ,
I- , n+ .
II- : .
.. n :
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 4 s 3 d 4 p 5 s 4 d 5 p 6 s
:
(s) 6 , 55 ( 55) 6 . C :
55Cs 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p6 5s24d10 5p6 6s1
, , , (↑↓) , .
( ).
1s22 s22p2 ; 2.
* 1s22 s12p3- ; 4.