, . . .
, . ( ) , (). , , , , , .
, , .
, , . , , , .
, .
, , , (.. ).
. , .
1887. -. , , -:
P V = R
() π, :
π = RT
π = () R T,
π , ,
m ,
M , ˑ-1
V , 3
R , R = 8,314 ˑ-1 -1
,
, , .
, . , , . - .
(i) ( ) .
|
|
i = ,
Ni ;
No .
: lCl3 ↔ Al+3 + 3Cl-1
1 .. 4 .
i = 4 / 1 = 4
Ni = N0, i = 1.
Ni > N0, i > 1.
i (α) (υ):
i = 1 + α (υ 1).
α = 0, i = 1.
α → 1,
ࠠ i = 1 + (υ 1) = υ.
:
NaCl ↔ Na+ + Cl-, α ≈ 1, υ = 2, i = 2.
lCl3 ↔ Al3+ + 3Cl-, α ≈1, υ = 4, i = 4.
, - :
π = RT π = i () R T
. , , , . , , K+ Na+ . 20-40 K+, , , Na+ 10-20 , . , , 4 20 , , .
370C π = 740 -780 (7,4 -7,7 ).
, :
- , ;
- ;
- .
0,85-0,89% NaCl, 4,5 5,0% . , .
, (, 10% CaCl2). .
(, -), , .
1. . .
2. - .
3. . -, - . .
4. .
5. .
1. , 2 3 0,25 200.
: :
|
|
n()
V- = 2 3 = 210-3 3 = C(x)RT π = --------- RT
n = 0,25 V
T = 293ʠ = (0,25 ׃ 210-3) 8,314 293 = 3,045105 =
R = 8,314 -1-1 = 304,5
-? : = 3,045 105 .
2. () , 1,5 1 3 , 98450 ?
: | |
m(KCl) = 1,5 | 1. m(X) π ̷ V π = i ---------------RT => = -------------- M(X) V i m R |
V = 1 3 = 110-3 3 | |
π = 98450 | |
=? | |
2. : KCl K+ + Cl- ( 1, = 2) i(KCl) = 1 + ( -1) i(KCl) = 1 +1(2 - 1) = 2 M(KCl) = 74,5 | |
3. : 98450 74,5 1103 = ----------------------------- = 294,06 2 1,5 8,314 | |
: = 294,06 |
3. 5105, 4 3 270, 84802,8 .
: | : |
V = 4 3 = 410-3 3 | 1. : |
= 27 0 = 300 | M(5105) = 12 5 + 1 10 + 16 5 = 150 |
π = 84802,2 | 2. : m(X) π ̷ V 84802,2 150 410-3 π = ---------------RT => m = -------------- = ---------------------------- = 20,4 M(X) V R T 8,314 300 |
m(5105) =? | |
: m(5105) = 20,4 . |
4. , 1 3 0,02 (122211), NaCl, MgCl2, FeCl3 270.
: :
V- = 1 3 = 10-3 3 = iC(x)RT, ..
n(x) = 0,02 (x)
: 122211, NaCl, (i):
MgCl2, FeCl3 i = 1 +( - 1)
i (122211) = 1, .. = 0,
- -? i(NaCl) = 2
i(MgCl2) = 3
i(FeCl3) = 4
: (122211) = (X)RT
(NaCl) = 2(X)RT
(MgCl2) = 3(X)RT
(FeCl3) = 4(X)RT,
.. FeCl3.
: FeCl3.