, , , ? - (, ), .
, .
,
.
- - , .
, . :
1.
2.
3.
4.
the Noun the Adjective the Numeral the Pronoun
Substantif Adjectif Adjectif numeral Pronom
49
IV
5. 렠 - the Verb - Verbe
6. 堠 - the Adverb - Adverbe
7. 㠠 - the Proposition - Preposition
8. 砠 - the Conjunction - Conjonction
9. 堠 - the Interjection - Interjection
() . , , . , ] 2 .
, . , .
, , , .
, : , . .
] 2 3 , 2 ] , , .
: . , : -
|
|
|
50
jpydHOcmu ,
: a man (he), a woman (she), , , : a computer (it),water (it). ship - , , (), , . :
. . - The ship with the equipment has just left the port. In two days she will deliver it to you.
. . - England has an unfavourable balance of trade. The value of her imports is greater than the value of her exports.
: (masculin) (feminin). . , . , , :
son secretaire - sa secretaire,
Russe - cette Russe,
un enfant - une enfant . .
, , , -, :
un aide ()- une aide (),
un critique () - une critique (),
un mode (, ) - une mode () . .
51
IV
. .
.
, , : . , . , 2 3 , - . (.):
. - Give him three dozen screws of this size
(dozen . . .), - . Pack the catalogues in dozens, please (dozens ..).
. . - This money belongs to our company. It will be used for its development
( . . . . it). :
. - His wages are not high.
. . - wages - contents - , , . ., - goods -, , clothes - , arms - , proceeds - , riches - , , stairs - , . .: . - The goods were received yesterday.
|
|
|
. . -s, . . , , ( -
52
,
) . . .., . : aime les lettres. (la lettre - , , les lettres - , le ciseau - , ; les ciseaux - . .).
, , , .
, , , .
: ( ), ( ) ( ).
, , , . :
.
:
, .
, Perfect Continuons.
According to the contract the goods will have been delivered to the Customer by the end of the year.
The Captain said that the equipment had been delivered to the port and it was being loaded on ship.
3- . . .
53
IV
Participe passe : :
. - Cette marchandise s'est vandue en une semaine.
He , etre:
Nous sommes partis ( ) - . Nous sommes arretes ( ) - .
. :
- ,
- ,
- ,
. , , .
, ( , . .). , . .
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
, . . ( ).
54
,
be, have, know . .). Present Subjunctive , should , should may (might) .
|
|
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, , :
1. It is desirable that she be witness in this case.
2. The workers covered the boxes with tarpaulin lest the goods be damaged by rain.
3. The inspector demanded that the driver submit the documents without delay ( should).
Past Subjunctive, : If he were here, he would help us. I wish she were with us. He speaks as if he knew the matter Past Perfect Subjunctive , , , - . :
, . - If you had signed the contract during our last talks, we should have (already) deliv ered this equipment to you.
, . - She spoke about it as if she had seen it herself.
, . - I wish we could have solved this problem yesterday.
Present Subjunctive , should + Infinitive , , , , , , . . :
55
IV
. - The Customer's Representative suggested that we should revise the terms of contract.
, . - We opened the windows that it shouldn't be so stuffy in the conference hall. , . - It's strange that he should have done it. ? - Why should they have left so unexpectedly?
should ( 1- . . ) would ( 2- 3- . . .) Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive. Future Indefinite in the Past Future Perfect in the Past. , Conditional Form.
, . - If you specified the terms of payment tomorrow, we should be able to take our decision concerning the order. , . - If we hadn't taken a taxi, we should have been late for the train.
Past Perfect Subjunctive .
might could: if he were here, he could help us.
, . , , , . Subjonctif :
- present,
- passe,
56
,
- imparfait,
- plus-que-parfait.
present du subjonctif passe du subjonctif. , subjonctif I, II, III , ( ), .
|
|
|
:
, (). - II faut obligatoirement que le directeur signe le document aujourd'hui (demain).
: - coiite que coute; - n'en deplaise (a...) ., .
- Passe du subjonctif :
Je doute qu'il l'ait aidee. - , .
, dire, ecrire, crier, prevenir, tele-phoner . , (subjonctif):
, . - Previens-les qu'ils aillent chercher les bagages.
, subjonctif:
, . - Je ne suis pas sur qu'il faille ecrire cette lettre.
, -
57
IV
, \ 2 3 .
, : , . , , . :
1. .
2. .
3. , .
3- , :
1. has just come.
2. came yesterday.
3. He said that he had come the day before . .
. - , , , , Continuous ; : passe surcompose, (passe compose);
J'ai eu lu livre. - .
, , . . ( , , , . .). :
58
,
, , , .
(), ( ) , , .
said that his chief had gone to the headquarters and he didn't know when the chief would be back (.).
II adit que son chef etait parti pour l'etat-major et il ne savait pas quand le chef reviendrait (.).
, : faire - , , ecrire - , . : Passe compose, Passe simple, Imparfait. Passe compose Passe simple , Imparfait - . , Imparfait , . :
.
, Passe compose, Imparfait:
Nous avons dine aujord'hui a deux heures.
Imparfait , Continuous , , 3 2.
, . , ,
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59
IV
- .
, , . , to be 1- 3- : I am, he is I was, he was, you, we, they-were; to have 3- . he, she, it has, have 3- .. , , -s, . (she, it) goes. , , , , .
- What do you do after classes? - 1 go home and have a rest.
- ? - .
, .
Elle est descendue a l'hotel Arbat. - .
: , . . , :
,
- , , . :
60
,
The defendant was glad to have been acquitted. : didn't seem to be worried about the outcome of the trial. He seemed not to be worried about the outcome of the trial.
. , , I , -ing, .
1. She likes singing. - (, )
2. I don't like the singing of the main actor. - () .
3. The singing boy is my brother. - I ().
II, : the attempted coup d'etat - ; the bolted construction -, . .
:
1) (infinitif), , , , , ;
2) (participe present participe passe)
3) (gerondif).
Participe present , participe passe avoir etre , pariticipe passe , .
Gerondif () -ant, , .
61
IV
gerondif participe present en: en marchant, , : franchement parlant - ; chemin faisant - , ., .
. :
10 . - The plane is to land in 10 minutes.
, . ., to be to, shall:
... - The Seller shall deliver...
He , must, should ought to , - .
Helen told her brother that he ought to know such simple things.
, . , .
, . , 10,000, - 10.000 () 10 000, , :.5 (point five), 0,5. ton half a ton; 2 Vi tons - two and a half tons, - moitie demi (une demi tonne la moitie d'une tonne). 2 Vi t - deux tonnes et demie. :
62
,
20th May, 2000; May 20th, 2000; May 20, 2000.
virgule (): 5,75 - cinq virgule soixante-quinze. Tiers ( teirce) : tiers arbitre - ; une tierce personne - .
, . - , .
- , - - . :
These are our new machine - tools (- ).
We shall take these machine-tools (- ).
no, one, , :
. - Let them deliver these goods themselves.
, . - We managed to open the door ourselves and nobody heard us enter the house.
2 \ : They took their luggage and went to the exit (.) lis out pris leurs effets et sont alles a la sortie
their leurs, . :
63
IV
.
, , :
(. .). - II a pris sa mitraillette (. p.).
, , . , , :
le plus grand espoir (. p.) - (. .).
: often, seldom . , to be .
often comes here. She is often late for her lessons.
, , : since, before, after, about . . ( ), .
We've met before. - .
. -1 haven't seen her since.
It is about six o'clock now ().
.
Before the war they lived in London. - . She has been waiting for you since 9 a.m. - 9 .
64
,
We are speaking about the contract. - .
:
Since you are here, let's talk a little. - , ; . .
, . , , , :
. - It makes no difference to me.
. - It is unknown to me. Ho:
. - This news is important for us.
. - This time is not very convenient
for us.
, :
- - - to be good at smth;
- () - - to show smth. on the map;
- - to fight against the enemy;
- - on credit;
- - to cry out with pain;
- () - - to suspect (accuse) smb. of a crime.
, , :
65
IV
- - to answer a question;
- - - to confess smth.;
- - - to attack smb.;
- - - to approach smth.
, :
- - - to prove to smb.;
- - - to deprive smb. of smth.;
- - - to reply to smb. .
, , , :
- () - reduir les pertes chez les de-fenseurs;
- -a credit;
- () - ceder du terrain;
- - franchir gar surprise;
- - - donner pouvoir de recevoir qch .
: on the one hand... on the other, hand (.) - d'un cote... de l'autre cote (.) - ... , for ever (.) - pour toujours (a jamais) (.) - , at last (.) - enfin (a la fin) (.) - .
. :
What transport do you use when you go to and come back from the country?
, , , .
66
,
, , .
( : and, but, or (.) et, mais, ou . (.)) ( : that, because, . (.), que, comme, si . (.))
Dolly thought that a change of scene would be a good thing and she
didn't want to come 1.*(.)
Dolly a pense qu'un changement de decors lui ferait du bien et elle ne
voulait pas rester 1.**(.)
. , , : not only... but also - ... , hardly (scarcely)... when - ... , whether... or - . as, since . . , :
Don't forget to take your umbrella in case it rains ( , ).
, : since, before .
, , , , .
, .
* Christie Agatha. The body in the Library Fontana/Collins. London and Glasgow. 1975. P. 91.
Christie Agatha. Un cadavre dans la bibliotheque. Paris. Librarie des Champs-Elysees, 1967. P. 126.
67
IV
, - . : well, oh, alas, ah . :
When they were outside Jefferson's door, Superintendent Harper said:
Well, for what it's worth, we've got a motive, sir.
H'm, said Melchett. Fifty thousand pounds, eh?
...You don't think it's likely in this case? Well, I don't either, as far as
that goes. But it's got to be gone into all the same.
Oh, of course.*
, :
Lorsque les deux policiers furent hors de l'appartement de Conway Jefferson, le chef Harper dit a on compagnon:
- J'ignore ce qu'il vaut, mais nous possedons tout de meme un mobile.
- Hum! fit Melchett, cinquante mille livres, n'est-ce pas?
- Vous ne pensez pas qu'il en soit ainsi dans cette affaire. Moi non plus, d'ailleurs... du moins jusqu'ici. Neamoins, il faut tenir compte d'une telle eventualite.
- Cela va de soi."
, , , , , ( ): au secours!, dieu!, pardon!, formidable!, bon!, enfin!, pas du tout!, encore!, va done!, tiens!, voyons!, helas!, bonjour!, bonsoir!, tant mieux!, tant pis. : n'est-ce pas!, : poufl, crac!, brrr! . -
* Christie Agatha. The Body in the Library. Fontana/Collins. London and Glasgow, 1975. P. 73.
" Christie Agatha. Un cadavre dans la bibliotheque. Paris. Librarie des Champs-Elysees, 1967. P. 99.
68
,
.
Ah? Je ne savais pas. - ? .
, , .
