12.1.
, , ( ) ( ), :
The sun rises in the east. - .
Its difficult to find a black cat in a -
dark room, especially when theres - ,
none. .
, - , . , : - , , .
. (Simpl Sentences) (Unextended Sentences) (Extended Sentences). (Compound Sentences) (Complex Sentences).
, - . :
A good beginningmakes a good -
ending. . (.:
).
Help! Help! Fire! - ! ! !
, , ( Two-member Sentences). , , . , , (On- member Sentences). . :
1) e, :
Open the window. - .
2) -, , :
What a day! - !
How wonderful! - !
3) -, oy:
Why not send him a telegram?
?
What about inviting him to dinner - ?
4) - -:
Yes. - . No. .
5) :
Hi (Hello)! - !
Good- bye. - .
Thanks a lot. - .
E - , ( Homogeneous Parts). , . , , , , :
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The hotel was expensive but dirty. - ,
.
He is kind, friendly and willing to - ,
help. .
, . :
A pretty young woman came up -
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
to me. .
~~~~~~
:
The train is late. | . | |
May I come in? | ? | |
() | Come along, boys! | , ! |
How nice of you! | ! |
, , . , , , , , , .
12.2. (Declarative Sentences)
- . :
Work is the basis of human development. - p .
I dont quite understand you. - .
, , .
, .
(Direct Word Order ), , . .
:
- -/ | - | - |
| ||||||||||||
- | -oe |
. | |||||||||||||
My name | is Mary. | ||||||||||||||
I | like | skiing. | |||||||||||||
My Dad | teaches | me | to swim | ||||||||||||
Peter | bought | his sister | a book | for a present. | |||||||||||
He | read | his friend | a letter. | ||||||||||||
He | read | a letter | to his friend | ||||||||||||
They | were walking | slowly | along the river bank | early in the morning | |||||||||||
Early in the morning | they | were walking | slowly | along the riverbank | |||||||||||
I | met | him | there | last night. | |||||||||||
John | sent | a letter | yester-day. | ||||||||||||
On the beach | some people | were lying | on the sand. | ||||||||||||
I | met | Jack
| by chance | in the country | in summer | ||||||||||
, .. , ( The Inversion).
. :
1) there is: There is a park near my home (there is - ; rk ). there + to be ( ) , .
there is , , . : . . . . there is (are), . to be . , there is :
There is a book on the table. - (, , )
.
her are plenty of books on that - (, ,
table. ) .
There will be a party tomorrow. - .
, there + to be , , there - :
There | is | a book | on the table. |
to be ther + to be :
There was such a sledge in the - -
camp with ten dogs hitched to it. .
I suppose, said George, that , - ,
there has been an earthquake. .
There are a lot of people there. - .
:
her being nothing else to do, we -
went to bed. , .
to be there to seem, to appear - :
There must be some solution of the - -
problem. .
There seems (appears) to be no - (- )
doubt about it. .
there (), . there , :
I dont see anything there. - e .
There is a student there. - .
there , to remain - , to exist - , to arise - , to come - , to happen - , to appear - :
There appeared startling bright -
flashes of white light. .
( , ) there , :
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There lived an old woman in the - - ,
town who was very poor. .
, there there .
2) - s, r neither So (neither, nor) do (have, am, can) I, . -( resent Past Indefinite) b, h ve, shall, will ( ):
I like the film very much. - .
- So do I. - .
He came early. So did I. - . .
Tom hasnt many English books. - .
- Neither (nor) has Mary. - .
3) , here, there, now, then, :
Here is the book youve been - , .
looking for.
Here comes our bus. - .
, :
Here you are. - , .
4) had, were, should:
Had I not been ill I should have - ,
come by all means. .
Should you meet him in town -
ask him to ring me up. , .
5) , :
Who can answer the question? -
asked the teacher. ? - .
, :
Whats the matter? he said. - ? - .
6) , h rdl, sc rc ly, no soon r, never, nothing, not only . , , -, . s re l hardly, when, no sooner, than:
Scarcely (hardly) had he finished - ,
his work when somebody knocked - .
at the door.
No sooner had this letter arrived - e ,
that his mind was at work planning
a meeting. .
Never had he felt such deep -
hatred for the enemy. .
Not only is the position of the - H -
earth changing but the earth itself ,
is undergoing changes. .
12.3. (Interrogative Sentences)
() .
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, . , , Present Past Indefinite - do, did. , (You saw Pete yesterday? ?) .
: (General Questions), (Special Questions), (Alternative Questions) () (Disjunctive Questions).
12.3.1. (General Questions)
- , , .. , .
:
1) , t be to have r sent Indefinite Past Indefinite:
Have you a dictionary? - ?
Were you very busy? - ?
there is, to be there, - :
Is there any bread left? - ?
2) , :
n you give me anything to read? - -
?
Have you seen the ballet? - ?
, :
Has she been working here for - ?
five years?
2) r sent Indefinite st Indefinite ( to be to have), do (does) did, :
Does he study at the University? - ?
Did you see him yesterday? - ?
t have (to have breakfast, to have a rest ..) , t d :
What time do you have breakfast? - B ?
When do you have to be there? - ?
CA to have to do. :
Br. E.: Have you any English books?
Am. E.: Do you have any English books? ?
. , Yes No, , , . not :
Do you play chess? - ?
Yes, I do. No, I dont. . - .
Can you do it? - - ?
Yes, I can. No, I cant. . - .
, th re is, :
Is there a dictionary on the table? - - ? -
Yes, there is. No, there isnt. . - e.
any, some, not any none:
Are there any dictionaries in the - ? -
library? Yes, there are (some). ().
- No, there are not any - .
(there are none).
not, . , ? ?:
Dont you want to see our park?
Do you not want to see our park? ?
, :
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Have you seen Jane? - ?
Do you know Jane Morgan? - ?
. Yes. :
Haven t you seen Jane? - - ? -
Yes, I have. , .
Didn t you finish your work -
yesterday? Yes, I did. ? - , .
12.3.2. (Special/ Wh- Questions)
, - , , .
, , , , , . , , . .
what, which, where, when, who, why, how, how long, how much/ many , : , , , .
:
What are you writing? | ? | |
. | What train shall we take? | ? |
What are you laughing at? | ? | |
- | What film are they talking about? | ? |
Where are you going? | ? | |
What street do you live in? | ? | |
What is he? Who is this boy? | ( )? ? ( , ..) | |
Whose pen is this? How much is it? | ? ? | |
Who told you that? | ? | |
What river flows through London? How many students attended the lecture? | ? - ? |
who what , . , , :
Who helps you in your work? - ?
Who were dancing in that corner - ,
near the palm-tree? ?
, , , c :
Who brought you this book? - - ? -
My friend did. .
Who invented the radio? Popov did. - ? - .
:
When are you leaving? We have - ? -
not fixed the day yet. .
Whats the matter with you, Jane? - - , ? -
Im feeling unwell, I have a ,
headache. .
, , :
When are you leaving? Tomorrow. - ? - .
What s the matter with you? Why, - ? - .
nothing.
Where are our seats? Row 12, - ? -
seats 18 and 19. , -
.
.
12.3.3. (Alternative Questions)
, , , .. . ( ) ( ) or. , r - .
, , :
Do you work or (do you) study?- - ? -
I study. .
When will you come: in the evening - :
or in the morning? I shall come in ? - y .
the morning.
, , . :
Did you or did your brother win the - -
first prize at the chess tournament?- -
My brother did. ? - .
, :
What conductors offer more -
resistance: long ones or short ones? :
?
12.3.4. (Disjunctive Questions)
. - oec- , - , - . - t d. ( Yes), - ; ( No), .
. : , , .. , . , .
: ? ? ? ? - :
He is here, isnt he? - , ?
He isnt here, is he? - , ?
Jne doesnt play tennis, does she? - , ?
You have such a book, havent you?- ?
:
Today is Monday, isnt it? Yes, it - ? .
is.
You dont like coffee, do you? No,- , ? -
I dont. .
That s right. Thats so. Quite right. Quite so:
You have been here before, havent - ,
you? Thats right. ? - .
You returned from the trip yester- -
day, didnt you? Thats so. ?- .
, yes, - no, , o . :
You didnt like the song, did you? - , ?
Yes, I did. - , .
No, I didnt. - , .
12.4. () (Imperative Sentences)
, , , , . .
- . . :
me here! - !
Dont be silly! - !
Lets go at once. - .
please will you? won t you? , . will you? won t you? . :
Close the window, will you? - , , .
m and see me, wont you? - , .
Pass me the salt, please. - , .
t do:
Do write to me! - , !
Do be serious, George! - , !
you (, ):
You mind your own business! -
!
you don t:
And dont you forget it! - !
, 1- 3- , t let ( . 13.3.1.2.):
Let him learn it by heart. - .
Let us stay at home. - .
Lets not quarrel. - .
, . :
1) ( ), :
Would you please shut the door? - ?
Wont you stay a little longer? - -?
2) :
You mustn t be late for school. - .
You should be more attentive. - .
3) :
Enough of this! Silence! - !!
12.5. (Exclamatory Sentences)
- (, , , ..). - :
What a pretty hat youve got! - !
How well he speaks English! - -!
What a clever girl she is! - !
(, ). - :
Why, its him! - a, !
Oh, it will be very interesting! - Ax, !
Why, isnt it funny? - ?
on art h ( a ). :
Where on earth is my pen? - , , o ?
Why on earth did you come so - , ,
late? ?
what, how, . how , what - . what . . ( + ) :
What a pretty room this is! - !
What silly mistakes youve made! - !
What wonderful news this is! - !
How tall youve grown! - !
How late it is! - !
-, . :
How good of you to come! - , !
How awful! - !
Splendid! - !
12.6. (Negative Sentences)
, , . not, . not :
1) . not :
I dont remember when he was - ,
here last. .
Without you he wouldnt have , .
known what to do.
2) :
I cant live on my wages with -
prices as they are. .
3) :
She isnt yet forty. - .
He wasnt there. - .
4) to be there is, , :
There werent any lessons today. - .
There isnt a book there. - .
Th re arent five pencils on the table. - .
5) to have - , , , :
I havent (got) a red pencil. - .
m hasnt any money - .
He didnt have the book last year.- po
.
no. , e :
I have no fountain pen. - e .
There are no books on the table. - .
. , (no, nobody, no one, none, nothing), (never, nowhere) neither nor. , , , . :
I ve never seen anything like that. -
.
Nobody tells me anything. - .
Neither the war nor his months - , back in the mines had aged him. .