3) :
To smoke is bad for health. - .
- , it: It is bad for health to smoke.
:
) It is (was, will be, has been, would be, must be) better (good, bad, easy, difficult, necessary, nice, hard) + . :
It is impossible to understand what - ,
you say. .
Will it be hard to pass this exam? - ?
) It is (was, etc.) kind (wrong, wise, unwise, clever, rude, nice, good, bad, bold, careless) of smb. + . :
It was wrong of you to say that. - p .
It was nice of you to help me. -
.
4) to help, to like, to assist, to prefer, to ask, to forget, to beg, to promise, to recommend .:
He forgot to wind the watch when - , ࠠ
he went to bed. .
5) o :
verybody watched himwalk across - ,
the garden. .
6) :
He was the first to come here. - .
Please give me some water to drink. - , .
, , , . :
We intended to camp in one of the -
inlets to be found round that tiny ,
shore. .
He is the man to do it. - ,
.
7) :
W came t th station to see them - ,
off. .
8) :
At that time I was too young to - ,
think of such things. .
9) what, which, wh m, how, when, wh re, whether, if , :
| I dont know what to do. | , . | |
| The question is where to go. | , . | |
| What to do next was our main problem. | - . |
to
|
|
|
, , to, .
What are you going t do now? - ?
Whats t be dne? - ?
Im sorr to have done it. - , .
, a , t :
Why didnt yu help him? - ?
- e didnt ask me to. - ().
, and or, to :
We wanted to find the boy and - 蠠
persuade him to return home. .
to to be to have, , ght:
I have tobe at home at 5. - 5.
You ll have to obey me. - .
You ought to b e more attentive. -
.
to :
1) , :
It must be six oclock. - , , .
I cannot swim yet. - .
Do you know the new timetable? - ?
2) to see, to hear, to watch, to observe, to notice, to feel, to let, to make, to get, to have, to help:
I heard her play the piano. - ,
.
Who let you take the jam? - ?
, t:
He was heard to lock the door. - , .
He was made to do it. - .
3) I won t have:
I wont have this cat play on my - ,
bed! !
4) why:
Why not go there? - e ?
5) had better, would rather, would sooner:
He said he would rather stay at - ,
home. .
George said we had better get the - ,
canvas first. .
7.7.3. (The Participle)
- , , . . :
|
| - |
| ||
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |||
| Active Voice | ||||
| - | going - / | asking c, a | being asked - | |
| having gone - | having asked - | having being asked | ||
 -
| gone | asked | ||
|
|
|
(The Pr sent Participle Active and Passive) , :
Seeing that I was late, I hurried. - , ,
.
Being left alone, I went on - ,
working. .
(The P rfect P rtici le Active and Passive) , :
Having slept two hours he felt - ,
rested. .
Having prescribed the medicine - , .
the doctor went away.
The Perfect Participle Passive , :
Hving been shown the wrong - ,
direction, he lost his way. .
(The Past rticiple) , , - :
On our excursion we saw a wall - ,
built many hundreds years ago. .
, . :
The boy who went in front - , ,
stopped. .
The st Participle , , , (, ).
, :
He saw a group of children talking - ,
andlaughing loudly. .
, , :
Having read the book he went to - ,
the library. .
Taking Mike by the hand Tom led - ,
the way upstairs. .
, .
The Present Past Participle :
1) :
The sleeping children didn t hear - ,
when their father came home. .
Lost time is never found again. -
.
, :
Heres a place set for you. - , .
2) :
Im very much obliged to you. - .
A page is missing from the book. - .
, , , c :
What are you doing? - ?
Many houses have been built in -
our town since then. .
3) ( oo):
) :
Coming to the stadium they saw a - ,
|
|
|
game in full swing. .
Be careful while crossing the -
street. .
) :
No, he answered shaking his - , - ,
head. .
) :
Not knowing what to say he kept - , , .
silent.
Being well prepared, he answered - ,
at once. .
Having plenty of time I didnt -
hurry. , .
.
7.7.4. (The Gerund)
- , . .
|
|
| ||
| Active Voice | Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| coming | asking | being asked | |
| having come | having asked | having been asked | |
ce (The Present Participle, The Perfect Participle). , . :
| The boy, reciting a poem, forgot several lines. | , -, . | Present Participle |
| He likes reciting poems. | c. | Indefinite Gerund |
| Having passed the exams, we went on a hike. | , . | Perfect Participle |
| He was proud of having passed the exams very well. | , . | Perfect Gerund |
.
The Indefinite Gerund , :
I couldnt help laughing when I saw - ,
her in that strange dress. .
He went out without saying a word. - O , .
to remember, to forget, to excuse to forgive, to thank, ft r, on/ upon The Indefinite Gerund , , .. The Perfect Gerund:
Thank you for your coming. - , .
I don t rememberseeing him - ,
before. .
On entering the room we found - , ,
it empty. .
The Perfect Gerund , :
Ann was proud of having got an - ,
excellent mark at the exam. .
The Passive Gerund (Indefinite and Perfect) , :
I insist on being told everything. - ,
.
He was proud of having been - ,
elected ch irm n. .
:
1) :
) , :
| ?
| Would you mind pas-sing me the bread? | me | |||
| the bread | |||||
| I like reading books of that sort. | books | ||||
| , ? | Do you mind my speaking to him? | to him |
) :
h child burst out crying bitterly. - .
2) :
) , , , of, for, in, without, before, after, on, upon, by, about, to:
Whats the use of arguing? - ?
Im tired of waiting. - .
h nk you for helping me. - .
) , :
What do you say to his joining us? - ,
?
Jns coming is always a pleasure. - -
.
) , : , .
-: , :
h floor in this room needs painting. -
.
St talking. - .
Everybody laughed on hearing his - ,
answer. .
I remember hearing this story before. - ,
.
:
1) to v id, t enj y, to finish, t giv u, to go on, an t h lp, to keep (on), to mind ( ), t mention, to put off, to stop, to want ():
You must go on working. - pa.
My brother gave up smoking a year -
ago. .
Avoid making mistakes like these. -
.
, : t continue, to dislike, to begin, to like, to forget, to intend, to hate, to love, to learn, to need, to mean ( ), to prefer, to propose, to start, to try, to remember:
We intend to go to Moscow -
going in summer. .
Nick proposed to start -
starting .
the next morning.
2) to think of, to complain of, to dream of, to begin by, to finish by, to end by, to mean by, to thank for, to go in for, to excuse for, to use for, to prepare for, to help in, to fail in, to succeed in, to look forward to, to save from, to keep from, to stop from, to insist on, to look like, to feel like:
W are thinking of going on a hike - ,
during our summer holidays.
.
What do you mean by saying that? - ?
succeeded in solving the problem. - .
( about) yopeec What/ how about + :
What about going to the concert? - ,
?
How about having some tea? - ?
3) , to be: fond of, sure f, proud of, tired of, ashamed of, afraid of, good at, bad at, clever at, pleased at, surprised at, ready for, sorry for, grateful for, famous for, good for, right in, used to:
Nick is very good at painting. - .
Are you sure of winning the - ,
omtition? ?
|
|
|
4) worth(while) busy:
This book is worth reading. - .
Its not worthwhile quarrelling. - He .
Soon she was busy eating. - .
5) ( n, in, for .)
I dont see any use in going there. - ,
.
Is there any hope of getting tickets? - -
?
I ve had little time for reading this -
week. .
6) The Indefinite Gerund, , . . : a swimming race - (); w lking- stick ();
7) :
Walking always gives me an appetite. -
.
Learning rules without examples is of -
little use. e .
- it:
It was a pleasure meeting you. -
.
it s no use (good/ sense) + -:
Its no use waiting any longer. - .
8) :
ur aim is learning to speak English. - -
-.
9) ( :
) ( on, upon, after, before, in):
Think b f r answering. - .
On seeing me he stopped. - , .
) ( in, without, by):
The girl listened without saying a - ,
word. .
By doing this, youll save a lot of time. - ,
.
7.7.5. (Modal Verbs)
, (), a : , , .. :
I must go home. - .
n you swim? ?
y I sit down? ?
c n - uld, must; have to, have got to, may might, ought, should, be to, need, dare.
have, be, should , , need, have, be, get - :
| You should consult a doctor. | . | |
| I should like to read this book. | . | |
| What a pity you have to go. | , . | |
| I have bought a new dictionary. | . | |
| I have a new dictionary. | . |
, have, be, dare, have got, , .e. e . , - () s 3- Present Indefinite.
