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, = xe, . , , = , , > 0, , < 0, ( | | ). = y f, f , , f, = (f). z, = zf, .. , z = , z f = (f).

, , , , f | | | |. f , , , . , < 0 < 0, , e f, = [ ] 蠠 f = [ OF ] (. 1).

e f f e

E O F A F O E A

) )

. 1

> 0 y < 0, = [ ] = [ ] , f = [ F ] , f (. 1).

, .

z, , | z | = | x | | y |, , , . x x 0 = 0 x = 0.

, R , . , .. zx = zy , x = y; , z = 0, xy, zx = zy = 0. z ≠ 0, zx = zy x = y. , .

x , Î R z, y = xz. : . , R , .

1. ( )

2. :

, x ?

3. + , , , : , = 1,73205..., = 1,41421...

4. .

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