(15 /
183
(), " " (NRC, 1989). , ( ) . . ; . , () . , , , , , . , . , , . , - , , 3 / (Weiss et al..l994, 1997). , , 60 , , , 1.6 ME / (, 80 / ). . (Van Saun et al., ] 989); , . . , , () 0.8 / (, 20 / ). . , , , . , ( ) , 2.6 / . , , , 1.8 / ( 0.8 , ,
|
|
, 2.8 / ) 1 / ( 0.5 2.3 / ) . , , , . :
* ,
. ,
. (50%
) , , 67%
, ,
, '
.
67%,
,
.
* , ,
(
, ). ,
,
50-60% 60-
80% .
* , ,
.
* -
( 0.4 0.6 /), !
- ( 3 6 /).
.
*
.
,
,
.
*
( ).
* (> 1000 ME/
)
(St.-Laurentetal.,1990).
, - . , , 75 / . (NRC, 1987).
184
. 7.
, . 2--1,4 - . (Frye et al.,1991). : . ( ,), ( ,) ( (). , . , . (2--1,4 ) . , (Kombs, 1992). . , - ( II). VII. IX X. , , , , , (Combs, 1992).
|
|
, / , . , . (NRC, 1989). , , . , , 18 / . (Yamini et al., 1995). / . . , (Frye et al.,1991). , (Casper et al., 1989). , , . , , (,) , 1000 , (NRC,1987), .
(, , . , . , |2), . . . , ( ) ; . , , . , . , , , . , 10.
, , . 9 / (Briggs et al., 1964). (Frigg.,1993; Midla.,1998). . , , 20 (Btrgsten et al., 1999; Fitzgerald et al.,2000; Milda et. 19980). , , .
|
|
, . , . .
185
. (Zinn, 1987). , .
40 45 6 , , .(Girard et al., 1 995). , . , 40 mi" , 10- 16 , 8% 5 (, 7 - 12 ; Dumoulin et al.,1991). , , . 160 45 6 , . 6 ..(Girard et al., 1995). 1 200 , , 0,2 4 / .(Girard and Matte, 1998). , , . . , , . .
, , , . , (Gerloffet al., 1984). , . , , ,
186
. Gerloffet al.,(1984) 80 , , , 17 . , Grummer et al., (1987) , , , 37 .
|
|
, , . , / , . . (NRC. 1989) 1940 1950 , , , , . (Combs, 1992). (Tomkins and Jaster, 1991), .
- 3- , (.. ). , . NAD(H) NADP(H). , , .
, , (Zinn et al..987). - (Abdouli and Schae-fer., 1986b). , . , , , (Zinn et al.,987). , (Erickson et al., 1991). , , . (Zinn et al., 1987; Campbell et al, 1994). , 17 30% (HarmeyerandKollenkirchen, 1989;Campbeletal., 1994). ( and Kollenkirchen, 1989; Campbel et al.. 1994). (Shields
. 7.
et al.. 1983; Riddell et al., 1980,1981); (Hannah and Stern. 1985; Abdouli and Schaefer.. 1986a; Doreau and Ottou, 1996). , -, , . - (Zinn et al., 1987), (Doreau and Ottou. 1996) . . , , 48 (Hopper and Johnson, 1955). 6 ( 10 //) . , 110 370 (Riddell etal., 1981).
, 30 (Fronk et al., 1980; Kung et al., 1980; Riddell et al., 1981; Dufva etal., 1983; Jaster etal., 1983a,b; Homer et al.. 1986, 1988; Muller et al.. 1986; Skaar et al., 1989; Driver, 1990; Erickson et al., 1990; 1992; Martinez et al.,1991; Lanham et al.,1992; Zimmerman et a!.. 1992; Bernard et al., 1995; Ottou et al., 1995; Madison-Anderson el al.. 1997; Minor et al.,1 998), , ; , <0.05. wi , 29 . 14 , , . . , (Muller et al.. 1986). , 3, 26 1 5, 20 2 .
|
|
, Erdman (1992), , 0.3 /; 0.4 / , , . 23 30 , Drackley (1992) , , 0.62 /, - 0.033 0.002%. Erdman (1992) Drackley (1992) , , , 1.1 0.42 . ,
8 , , (< 0.05) Homer et al.,1 986; Skaar et al..l989; Driver., 1990; Erickson et al., 1990; 1992; Martinez et al.,1991, Lanham et al.,1992; Ottou et al.,1995; Madison-Anderson et al.,1997)
. , (12 / ; Frank and Schultz, 1979) (160 8 ; Waterman et al., 1 972) . , ( ) , I 2 120 , - (Jaster et al.,1983). 14 , ((Fronk et al.,1980; Dufva et al.,1983; Jaster et al.. 1983a; Skaar et al.,1989; Driver.. 1990: Erickson et al., 1990. 1992; Martinez et al.. 1991; Zimmerman et al.,1992; Bernard et al.,1995; Chiilliard and Ottou, 1995; Minor et a!.. 1998) , , 11 . , 2 , , 8 . 10 ( 9 ) 4 6 - . , , , (Dufva et al.. 1983). 1- 2- 28 35 (Skaar et al..l989; Minor et al.. 1998).
. , (Hopper and Johnson, 1995), (Riddell et al.. 1989). , , 25 , . - , , .
-
187
, , (Smith and Song, 1996). , 20 - 30 , . - 2.2 / , 78% (Zinn et al., 1987). , 5-10 , (Cole et al., 1982; Zinn et al., 1987). . : , - , , , ! , (Smith and Song, 1996).
(,)
, . . , , , 100%(Zinnetal., 1987). Miller et al., (1986) , 148% , , , 23 %. . Zinn et al., (1987) , 15.2 / , , 25%.
(,)
, , . , , (Combs, 1992). , , . , , ( 28 72 ), (Breves et al., 1981).
.
188
, 48% (Zinn et al., 1987). , , , 1000 (NRC. 1987). , .
, - , . , ( ) . (Gould et al., 1991) , (Zinn et al., 1987) . , , . - () . , , , , . (2.2 / ), (NRC. 1996).
|2
; , , 5- . . . , .(. . 6). , (Lassiteret al., 1953), , . , 0.34 0.68 / . (. ).
. , -
. 7.
, , - (Sutton and Elliot, 1972; Walker and Elliot, 1972). (Zinn et al., 1987) , , (Erdman, 1992)), .
() () . , , (Frobish and Davis, 1977). , (Elliot et al., 1979) (Croom et al., 1981) , :, - , . , , , . , , S- 5- -. . , , , . , , , , .
, . 7-1 , , . , Miller et al.. (1986) and Zinn.,(1987) , , . , , , , . . - , .
71 650 . 35 , 4% .
CiiH'ie | i | ||||
- | pvonciH | ||||
( | ( IS | (Ml | " | ||
) | ( | ) | ) | ||
> | |||||
s | 1 4 | 10 0 | |||
- | 3 3 | 3 5 | "7 | ||
2 56 | 3 3 | 2 | 1 04 | ||
- | 3 04 | 12 1 | |||
9 5 | 6 1 | 26 1 | |||
2 6 | 1 5 | 4 1 | 5 2 | ||
, | 2 6 | 4 8 | 4 6 | ||
' | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 7 0 | 1 0 |
L- . 3- .(Cummins and Brunner, 1991). , 3 . , . , . , , , . .(Cummins and Brunner, 1991) (Hidiroglou et al., 1977), ( , ), , . . 1-2 , , (Hidiroglou et al., 1995). 2 , 1 , 35 . . , , , . , 4 / 28 , . (Hidiroglou et al., 1997).
189
, . - , , . , , .(Cummins and Brunner, 1989; Hidiroglou et al., 1995). , 20 , ( ) (Roth and Kaeberle, 1085). , 40 , . .
X
, , , , . Johnson et al.,(1951) , , 15 . , , 260 / (1733 / ). 1 1000 , ( 10). . , , , , . , , (), , , , (Neil et al.,1979; Sharma and Erdman, 1988a,b, 1989b). . , (Neil et al., 1978). , (Erdman, 1992).
, , , , , . S- .
, , , 5- -. , . (Emmanuel and Kennelly, 1984). 18-25%. (Lobley et al.. 1996).
(43 285 ; Hartman and Dryden, 1974) , 25 . Deuchler et al., (1998) , oi 70 90 /, 2 3 . (Aliev and Burkova, 1987; Deuchler et al., (1998) - . , , . . , , - . , - , . 0 3 / , 15 90 (Grummer et al., 1987; Erdman and Sharma. 1991; Sharma and Erdman, 1989a). , , , 4% 3.4 /, (Sharma and Erdman, 1988b).
, , . , . , , . , , , , (Hrdman, 1992) . , , , .
190
. ; ; (, , ) ; ; (Houpt, 1984; Murphy, 1992). 20% (Houpt, 1984).
51 81% (Murphy, 1992). . (69%), (62.4%) - (64.7%) (Andrew etal.,1995). , - , , (Murphy, 1992).
. , 2/3 . , - . 15-35% (Odwongo et al.,1985; Woodford et al., 1984). 15% - , , 10 11% (Andrew et a 1., 1 995). 61 (Faichney Boston, 1985) 62 (Woodford et al.,1984). , . , 33 / 34% (Holter and Urban. 1992), 29% (Dado and Allen. 1994), 26% (Dahlborn et al., 1998) , . (30-35% ), (15-21%) (Holter and Urban. 1992; Dahlborn et al., 1998). , : (), (Murphy,
1992). Dahlborn et al., (1998) , , . 4.5 35.4 / , . 34.6 / 5.6 27.9 / (Holter and Urban. 1992). , , ( ), , (Murphy, 1992). (Dahlborn et al., 1998). . 18% (Holter and Urban, 1992).
. : (). , , . , , , ().
, . , , , (Holter and Urban, 1992; Little and Shaw. 1978; Murphy et a!., 1983; Stockdale and King. 1983), -(Castleand Thomas. 1975;Dahlbometal., 1998; Holter and Urban, 1992; Little and Shaw, 1978; Murphy et al., 1983), ( ) - (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Dahlborn et al., 1998; Holter and Urban, 1992; Stockdale and King, 1983), - (Holter and Urban. 1992; Murphy et al.,]983) - (Murphy et al., 1983). (/) :
- 15.3+2.53 / + 0.45
% . (Castle and Thomas, 1975) (8-1)
197
14.3+1.28 / + 0.32
% (Dahlborn et al., 1998) (8-2)
- 32.39 + 2.47 , /
* 0.6007 /
-t- 0.6205 %
+ 0.0911 ()
-0.000257 * : (Holter and Urban. 1992) (8-3)
12.3 + 2.15,/
+ 0.73 / (Little and Shaw, 1978) (8-4)
15.99+1.58 , /
■+ 0.90 /
+ 0.05 , /
+ 1.2. t"C (Murphy et al., 1983)
(8-5)
- 9.37 + 2.30 x , / + 0.053 % (Stockdale and King, 1983)
(8-6)
Winchester and Morris (1956) , 0.87 1 87% . 0.90, Murphy et al.,(1983) 0.73 0.6007, Little and Shaw, (1978) Holter and Urban, (1992). , Murphy et al.,(1983) (87%) , . 33-35 / 2.0 (Holter and Urban, 1992), 2.3 (Dado and Allen, 1994) 2.7 (Murphy et al., 1983) . 3.0 (Dado and Allen, 1994; Murphy et al.,1983) 2.6 (Holter and Urban, 1992) . (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Dahlborn et al., 1998; Holter and Urban, 1992; Little and Shaw, 1978) ( 26 /), (2.6-3.0 / ), (3.3-4.2 / ) .
7 (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Dahlborn et al., 1998; Holter and Urban, 1992; Little and Shaw, 1978; Murphy et al.,1983; Nocek and Braun, 1985) , 83% ( 70 97%) .. . Holter and Urban, (1992) , 50 70% , 33 /, 50 30%. (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Dahlborn et al., 1998), Stockdale and
King, (1983), 38% .
, (Holter and Urban, 1992; Murphy, 1992). , , 0.05 / (Murphy et al.,1983). (Dahlborn et al., 1998).
. , . , . , . McDowel (1967) , 18 30" 29%, 33%, , 15, 59 50% . Murphy et al.,(1983) Holter and Urban, (1 992) . Murphy et al.,(1983) , , 25%. 25". Holter and Urban, (1992) . 1- 178 , 10%. . , , , 18% , , .
Holter and Urban,(1992) :
, / = -10.34 + 0.2296 % +2.212 / +0.03944 (% )2 (8-7)
= .
, . 30 60% (). 60% . , , , .
198
. 8.
, . , . Kertz et al.,(1984) , , , , . 1 / 2.5 / , .
. Nocek and Braun. (1985) , : , , , , 8 . . Dado and Allen (1994) , , , 14 . . , 6.6 (Andersson, (1985). Nocek and Braun, (1985) Castle and Watson, (1973) , .
4 15 (Dado and Allen, 1994); Castle and Thomas, 1975). Castle and Thomas, (1975) , 5 , 90 . 10 . . 10" , 27.7" (Stermer et al., 1986). , 10" (Milametal.,1986: Wilks etal.,1990)nCBn (Baker etal., 1988; Stermer et al., 1986; Wilks et al., 1990). . , (17-28"), (Andersson, 1987; Lanham etal.. 1986; Wilks etal., 1990).
.
5 : ( ), - (. , ), ( , , ), (, , ) . . , .
, () () . , , - , , , (NRC, 1974). , , , , , , , , , . 8-1.
8-1. ()
(')
< 1000 !. 1000-2999 , , , 3000-4999 , . , - , . 5000-6999 . , [ .
7000 .
.
: - (NRC)(1971).
(Ray, 1986; Wegner and Schuh. 1986) . (). 6000 /) , , (1300 /), . - . , ( 4400 /
199
) , , . , , (136 121 /) 12 , , . , . , 196 / 2500 /, , , 7% (Jaster et al., 1 978). (Solomon et ai., 1 995) , 30 / , , , 11 2.2 , . , (2.89 2.84%), (4.50 4.44%) , . Challis et a 1.,(1987) . 4400 440 / , 20% , . . Bahman et al.,{ 1993) , 3574 / 449 / . Murphy et al..(1983), , , Holter and Urban,(1 992). Sanchez et al.,(1994) , . . , Sanchez et al.,(1994). - (. mEq/) , , -1.9 (Solomon et al.,1995) - 4.4 (Challis et al., 1 987). He Bahman et al.,(1993), -3.0 mEq/ 196 .
, . , , , , ,
. 8-2. (Graf and Holdaway, 1952; Blosser and Soni. 1957).
8-2.
, ( ) | ||
0-60 | ||
6 1-12 0 | ||
!21 -!SO | ||
-■ ISO | ||
: NRC, ( | 1980). |
, , . . , , , , - . , , , , (Crowley et al.. 1974; Stuart and Oehme, 1982).
, (NO,-N) , 10 / , 44/ ( 8-3). , , . . , : , 500 / , 1000 / . 500 /, . (NRC. 1980). , , 0.1 / . , , . , - . , (2000-2500 /) , . Horvat (1985) , .
200
. 8.
8-3.
HnrpaTbi(NO.) | ||
(XI!" ) | A-ioT(NO.-N)(Mr.';i) | |
(1-44 | 0-10 | |
45-132 | 10-20 |
|
|
|
|
: 2016-12-03; !; : 611 |
:
, .
==> ...
: 0.122 .