* , , . :
CaSO4 () Ca2+(-) + SO42(-)
(. ):
K= [Ca2+][SO42]
. .
(CaSO4) = [Ca2+][SO42]
, , *, . :
PbI2 Pb2+ + 2 I
(PbI2) = [Pb2+][I]2
, , . , :
+ +
s (/), [A+]=[B]= s, =[A+][B]= s 2. . , , . . , (AgCl)=1,81010, (AgBr)=61013, (BaSO4)=1,11010, (HgS)=1052. AB2, :
AB2 A2+ + 2 B
[A2+]= s, [B]=2 s, =[A2+][B]2= s (2 s)2=4 s 3, .
() , .. >, *, . ( ): <. , = ( ).
, -:
H2O H+ + OH
(). H+ OH. 25 107 /.
* :
,
[H+][OH]= K [H2O]= Kw.
: [H2O]=55,5 / (1000 /), (18 /)., Kw . , Kw, , - . . 250 Kw =1014.
, OH. . , , , 103 /, - 1011 /. , [H+], [OH]. :
|
|
[H+]=107 /;
[H+]>107 /;
[H+]<107 /.
[H+], , :
pH= lg [H+]
. , [H+]=105 /, pH=5; [H+]=109 /, pH=9. , pH=7, pH<7, pH>7. pOH= lg[OH]. 25 : pH+pOH=14.
pH ( pH , ). , , pH.