, , . , ,
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO
- CH3COO, - * . , * (.. , ) * .
(). , CaSO4 , (K2SO4), SO42 ( CaSO4). , [Ca2+] [SO42] *, .. .
: . , , , :
CH3COONa + HCl = CH3COOH + NaCl
- , , :
CH3COO + Na+ + H+ + Cl = CH3COOH + Na+ + Cl
. . ( ), .:
CH3COO + H+ = CH3COOH
. :
FeSO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2
Fe2+ + SO42 + 2 Na+ + 2 OH = SO42 + 2 Na+ + Fe(OH)2
Fe2+ + 2 OH = Fe(OH)2
. , ( ).
, . - , . .
1. (CH3COONa, KCN, Na2CO3).
CH3COO + Na+ + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OH
CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH
, - H+, . OH (pH>7)*.
, . , :
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I : CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH
II : HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + OH
, , , , . , (HCO3), (H2CO3)
2. (NH4NO3, AlCl3, Fe2(SO4)3).
NH4+ + NO3 + H2O NH4OH + NO3 + H+
NH4+ + H2O NH4OH + H+
(pH<7)
, :
I : Cu2+ + HOH CuOH+ + H+
II : CuOH+ + HOH Cu(OH)2 + H+
pH * .
3. (CH3COONH4, (NH4)2CO3).
CH3COO + NH4+ + H2O CH3COOH + NH4OH
, pH .
- , ., . :
Al2S3 + 3 H2O Al(OH)3↓ + H2S↑
4. , , , .. H2O.
. , :
CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH
Al3+ + H2O AlOH2+ + H+
, , H+ OH. - * , :
2 AlCl3 + 3 Na2CO3 + 3 H2O = 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 CO2 + 6 NaCl
.
: . , , .
Ƹ , 2+ Mg2+.
2+ , Mg2+ - .
, .. .
() () .
. , , . 2+ :
2+ + 23− = 3↓ + 2 + 2
Mg2+ ( > 10,3):
2Mg2+ + 23− + 2OH− = (MgOH)2CO3↓ + 2 + 2
( OH− 3− : 3− + 2 ↔ 23 + −).
, . .
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6 .
1.3.1.
Ƹ ( /) | |
1 ( ) 2 () 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 () 6 ( ) | 0 1,5 1,5 3,0 3,0 4,5 4,5 6,0 6,0 10,0 10,0 |
Ƹ .
, , .
3 :
1. () . ; , , , . ;
2. ( );
3. ( ).
:
():
:
, , , , .
:
():
():
( ). , Ca2 Mg2+, , Na+, K+ NH+4, . -I -2.
Ca2+ Mg2+, . , (+-) , (). , . :
:
( /),
: V- , , ;
m , .
:
( /)
: m1, m2, m3 , ( ), ;
.1 , .2 , .3 ( ), / ;
V , .
, () , 1 (/). 20,04 / 2+ 12,16 / Mg2+, , ( /) : , [2+] [Mg2+] /.
1. , ? ?
2. ? ?
3. ? ?
4. ? ? ?
5. ?
6. , .
7. ? ?
8. ? ?
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9. ? ? ?
10. ? ?
11. ? ?