- -
: .
:
,
. ,
, -
, -
. . -
, , , -
.
, , -
-
. - ,
, . ,
( ), -
.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
( -
, ).
, (
).16
, :
, -
. , , ,
-
, . -
,
,
.
7. , !
(d)
(d)
. 7.8. .
, -
,
. -
,
, -
|
|
. , , , -
. -
. ,
. ,
: . -
, -
, ,
.
, , , ,
. , -
, -
.
:
. , , -
. ,
,
(d)- (s) -
, .17
,
III.
.
-
. , -
, :
-
. ( ,
. (u)
.
, -
.)
, , -
, .
,
, ;
, ( ). -
, , ,
.
:
, ,
, . , -
,
, -
.
-
, CPLEAR -
CERN () 1998 .18 ,
,
|
|
, ( )
, ,
, . ,
,
. ,
.
,
, .
- ,
? -
, .
7. , !
-
, , , -
,
. T .
P , . -
,
. , -
C
. C, P T -
: ,
.
, , -
-
, , (-
, , , ).
,
, , -
,
, . -
, C ,
P T.
, 1950- -
, ,
,
.
-
. ,
. ,
, , -
,
.
-
. , -
,
P, ,
.
III.
. -
-, ,
, -
. -
-60 .
|
|
,
.
:
. ,
-, -
, , , .
- , -
. 1936 ,
. -
, , -
,
- . -
.
, , -
. -
,
. -
; - .
, . -
1. , -
. , -
. 19
! 1957
;
, .
, ,
, , -
C, .
7. , !
, - ,
. , ,
,
, C P .
. 1964
,
. ,
, ,
. , -
C P .20
1980 .
, , ,
C, P T,
.
: CPT. - , -
,
,
? , -
, , CPT -
.
! (, , -
|
|
.) ,
CPT . ,
,
, CPT , -
CPT -. ,
,
-, -
CPT -. ,
.
, , ,
, -
.
. ,
, C, P T , -
, CPT.
,
III.
. ,
,
.
,
, -
,
.
,
- , .
, ,
? -
,
?
. ,
, -
:
. ,
. , -
, , ,
, .
, , ,
, - (, )
, ,
.21
, , -
. D, . 7.9,
.
. ,
:
,
, -
,
.
7. , !
D
. 7.9. .
, ,
. D
: -
. , ,
( , ,
, , ,
). ,
|
|
, -
, .
, ,
. -
,
-
(
). ,
, , -
, ,
.
III.
.
- , , -
. -
, : ,
. :
-
. D ,
.
, ,
; -
.
. 7.10. .
.
.
;
. ,
7. , !
:
.
: .
, ;
, . ,
, ,
.
. ,
, -
,
.
. OConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. Pierre-Simon Laplace. MacTutor History of Mathematics
Archive, 1999. (http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/ Laplace.html); Rouse
Ball, W. W. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1908; 4- .,
2003. ,
.
, .
, .
: , ;
(Rouse Ball, W. W. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1908;
4-, 2003).
. . . ., 1908, .9 (Laplace, P.-S. A Phi-
losophical Essay on Probabilities / Trans. by F. W. Tuscott, F. L. Emory; . New
York: Cosimo Classics, 2007).
, - , -
. ,
,
.
. / . . // . 1996. 2 (Stoppard, T. Arcadia, in Plays: Five.
London: Faber and Faber, 1999). , , ,
, . ,
, , -
.
, (
) ,
.
, -
. , -
, ,
III.
.
. -
.
, -
:
-
, .
. , ,
(,
), . , -
,
.
, ,
. ( ) -
. , ,
, . ;
,
, .
,
( ) . -
, , (
) .
, , , ,
,
. , , .
, .
, ,
. ,
-
.
1940- , , -
, .
,
.
, . .:
Poundstone, W. The Recursive Universe: Cosmic Complexity and the Limits of Scientific
Knowledge. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984; Shalizi, C. R. Notebooks, 2009. http://www.cscs.
umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/.
, -
, -
. , -
7. , !
. ! , -
. , ,
,
, B
. ; -
, ,
. -
.
, .
, -
, -
, . , -
, , , -
.
,
, .
,
, .
, .
. , -
, - (
).
, ,
, , .
( )
.
, . ,
. ( )
, ( ),
. ,
x.
, .
, , -
, -
. ? , -
, :
. ,
, , , , -
. ,
( ), -
, ,
, , (
).
, . -
III.
, ;
, .
(Albert, D. Z. Time and Chance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
2000) . ,
, -
( ).
,
, . ,
-
: ,
, .
.
: , -
, ,
, ,
. ; , -
-
. ,
; ., : Earman, J. What Time Reversal Is and Why
It Matters // International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 2002, 16, p. 245264;
Arntzenius, F. Time Reversal Operations, Representations of the Lorentz Group, and the
Direction of Time // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2004, Part B 35, p. 3143;
Malament, D. B. On the Time Reversal Invariance of Classical Electromagnetic Theory //
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2004, Part B 35, p. 295315.
, . -
-
, , , -,
. ,
, . -
;
,
. , -
. , , , -
, , .
: ,
, , .
, , , -
, W- Z-, .
: , -
, ,
, ,
. -
:
+2/3 ( (u), (c) (t) ),
7. , !
1/3 ( (d), (s) (b)),
1 (, )
( , -).
, -
: , -
2/3 . .
(
): (
), . ,
, .
, ; , -
. ,
, ,
. , -
, (
, ; -
, ).
, .
, ; -
. ( ,
+2/3) ( , 1/3).
, ; ,
. ,
1/3, ,
.
Angelopoulos, A. et al. (CPLEAR Collaboration). First Direct Observation of Time Reversal
Noninvariance in the Neutral Kaon System // Physics Letters, 1998, B 444, p. 4351.
KTeV Fermilab .
-
, (Alavi-Harati, A. et al.
(KTeV Collaboration). Observation of CP Violation in KL → π+π-e+e- Decays // Physical Review
Letters, 2000, 84, p. 408411).
Maglich, B. Adventures in Experimental Physics, Gamma
Volume. Princeton, NJ: World Science Communications, 1973. -
: Lee, T. D., Yang, C. N. Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions, // Physical
Review, 1956, 104, p. 254258; Wu, C. S., Ambler, E., Hayward, R. W., Hoppes, D. D., Hudson, R. P.
Experimental Test of Parity Nonconservation in Beta Decay // Physical Review, 1957, 105,
p. 14131415.
. , -
,
, -
. (Garwin, R. L., Lederman, L. L., Weinrich, M. Observation of the Failure of
Conservation of Parity and Charge Conjugation in Meson Decays: The Magnetic Moment of
the Free Muon // Physical Review, 1957, 105, p. 14151417).
III.
Christenson, J. H., Cronin, J. W., Fitch, V. L., Turlay, R. Evidence for the 2π Decay of the K20
Meson // Physical Review Letters, 1964, 13, p. 138140. -
CP-,
(Kobayashi, M., and Maskawa, T. CP-
Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction // Progress of Theoretical Physics
49 (1973): 65257), .
2008 .
: -, ,
(
), -, ( -
, - ).
, ,
, -
.
8
-
. .
.
!
-
? ( ) -
, :
;
;
;
, ;
, .
, ; ,
, , , . ,
.
. ,
, , -
. ,
;
, , -
.
, .
, -
.
( ), -
( , ). -
,
.
,
III.
, ,
. ,
: -
, .
, . -
, .
, ?
, ,
, . -
, .
. -
, .
. , , ,
. , -
. -
, ;
. (-
) ; (-
),
.
-
, ,
, -
, -
, -
: ,
. , ; ,
. .
, -
,
. -
. , - -
.
, .
, .
,
, .
8.
( ) ,
,
, . ,
: ,
. , -
: ,
. -
, :
, . -
: ,
, -
. -
, , -
.
,
.
, ,
1870- .
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
.
,
. -
,
, ( ,
). , -
.
,
,
.
, ,
. , ( -
) ,
.
III.
, ,
, , -
? ( -
, , ,
, ,
, , -
, .)
, , -
, . -
,
. , ,
995 1000, -
( , , ) -
.
. 8.1. , ,
.
8.
;
, .1
,
99,5 % , -
0,5 % ;
.
: ,
,
, . -
.
. 8.2 ; ,
. 2000
, t = 1 1600 ,
400. ( , -
, ,
, .)
, , -
, , , .
,
, ,
. (
, .)
, ,
, ,
. 50 ,
, 200 -
.
,
.
, ,
, , . ,
, ,
( ) -
. , -
, ,
, . ,
.
III.
t = 200
t = 50
t =1
. 8.2. 2000 . 1600 -
400 . 50
1400 , 600.
200
, ,
. , , -
,
- , .
, ,
: 2016-12-04; !; : 539 | : : 80% - . |
: 0.712 .