1. {1,2} : , , , . ○ . .
. ○
○ | b | c | d | |
a | b | a | b | |
b | a | b | b | a |
c | a | b | c | d |
d | a | b | d | c |
, A = (X; ○} , X = { a, b, c, d }. A () c, " x Î X, x ○ c = c ○ x = x. , A . a ○ b = b, b ○ a = a, .
2. , R + T, a T b = a 2 b 4.
. , , . e " x Î R +, e T x = x T e = x. e 1 , e 2 . e 1 T x = e 12 x 4 = x, e 1 = x 3/2. x T e 2 = x 2 e 24 = x e 2 = x 1/4. e 2 ≠ e 1. , , .
3. , (R +; ×) (R; +).
. ᳺ ln: R + R, - ln (a × b) = ln (a) + ln (b).
4. , (a b ), , .
. , () + () = (a + b) + (c + d) ()() = (ac + 3 bd) + (ad + bc) . , .
, . , . , , . .
. . , .
, . .
(a b ), , .
, , , .
- . . , . , . .
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, , , , , (). .
, ᒺ .