, . , , , . . (Flowerdew 1994). :
, ;
;
. , , , , . , , . - ( , , ) .
, , (. Note-taking, note-making, . 114).
3.4. Teaching speaking skills
Speaking
() , - . , . , :
;
, ;
;
;
, , ;
;
, ;
;
.
, - - . , , , , , ( 1989; 1991). - (), () . , , : .
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, : .
Bottom-up processing, , , ( ) , (). , , , , .
Top-down processing, , , . (, , ) , , - . , . , , ( 1988, . 188).
.: Bygate 1993; Nunan 1998, p. 45; 1985, . 116; . 1990; . 1991, . 129.
Speaking turn
, - . . - . . , (. Short turn us. Long turn, . 108).
. , . , , .
( ) , ( - - ), (adjacency pair). . . , . - - ( ). : ; ; ; .
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Turn-taking
, . , , , - (turn-taking strategies). :
. , , .
( , ) holding a turn. . , , .
relinquishing a turn.
.: Keller and Warner 1988; Richards 1994b, p. 68; 1989, . 162; 1989.
Short turn vs. Long turn
, , , - , . . . , , , . .
, - , , -, , , . , , . (transactional skills).
- , , . . , , (Brown and Yule 1993, p. 16).
Interactional speech
, (interaction). , , . . ( , , ).
, - . , - , , , , .
, , . , , , , , ( , ).
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, ( , ), , . ( , ). (, ). (.: Brown and Yule 1993; Richards 1994a, 1994b; 1989).
, . (adjacency pair). , ( , ), , , - ( 1985; 1993-1994).
(interactional skills) , :
(. Turn-taking, . 107);
;
;
, ( 1991, . 162).
Transactional speech
, . . , () , , , , . transactional speech (transaction). .
, , . , , (), . , - . (description), (report / account), (narration), (argument) .
, , , .
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, - , , .. , .. , .. , .. ; . : Brown and Yule 1993; Richards 1994b.
: , (reproduction vs. production), (planned monologue vs. unplanned monologue) . (transactional skills), -, , ( 1986, . 81). (. Information transfer, . 143), (. Jigsaw activities, . 136), (. Oral reporting, . 144), (. Discussion, . 145) . .
.: 1985; 1988, . 176; 1989, 1991.
3.5. Teaching writing skills
Writing
1. . writing - , : , , . . (mechanics of writing), . , , . ( ) , .
2. () . . .
(writing for training / writing for reinforcement) - , - , , . , . (composition) (dicto-comp / dicto-gloss). - .
(writing for communication) , . , , , , . (. , Types of writing), , (Hedge 1993, . 96; 1986).
guided writing free writing .
Guided writing / controlled writing , (. Cues, . 170).
Free writing .
: , , , (. Product-oriented writing, . 116; Process-oriented writing, . 117). , , (Raimes 1987; Kroll 1993; Richards 1994b; White and Arndt 1994; Dyer 1996; 1969).
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Types of writing
( , .. : 1955, . 77). , (written genres), .
- , , .
. (Hedge 1993, . 96) , , .
Types of writing
Study writing | Professional writing | Social writing | Personal writing | Creative writing |
essays | business letters | notes | diaries | poems |
research reports | progress reports | letters | journals | stories |
summaries | resumes/ | invitations | reminders | rhymes |
reviews | curriculum vitae | messages | addresses | drama |
annotations | applications | instructions | recipes | scripts |
abstracts | public notices | shopping | lyrics | |
notes | contracts | lists | ||
memoranda | packing | |||
minutes | lists | |||
advertisements | ||||
articles |
1. Study writing / academic writing , () . (notes), (reviews), (summaries) (essays) (. Study writing, . 123).
2. Professional writing / business writing , ; , (business letters), (contracts), (public notices), (progress reports), (articles), (minutes), (memoranda / memos) . .
3. Social writing , (notes), (letters), (postcards), (e-mail messages), (telephone messages).
4. Personal writing , (diaries, journals), (reminders), (recipies), (addresses).
5. Creative writing : , , . .
, ( , ; . Composing, . 115) ( , , ; . Summarizing, . 114).
.: White 1987, . 261; 1991, . 96; 1997, . 5.