.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


Performance objectives / Behavioural objectives / Instructional objectives




 

, , . (. Threshold level, . 70).

:

performance , ;

conditions , ;

standard , (Nunan 1994, . 64).

: (conditions) , (performance). (standard).

, , , (. Behaviourism, . 24), , (. Humanistic approach, . 28), .

, . , , , , . , (. Negotiated syllabus, . 83).

. (. Graded objectives, . 76). (. Grading, . 79), .

 

Graded objectives

 

, , ; , , , , , . .

(. National Curriculum, . 66) , . , .

, . , . , . -, -, , .

. , . , , .

, , , . , . , .

, .

 

Process objectives vs. Product objectives

 

, (process objectives) , (product objectives).

, , , , . .

, , , .

(. Process-oriented approach, . 34) , , , .

, ( Pro duct-oriented approach, . 33), , , , , . , , , . , , , .

 

Content

 

, , ( 1986, . 5). , , , .

, content , , , .

content , , , , . , (. Syllabus, . 68) .

syllabus :

, , , (. Background knowledge, . 94);

(, , ) ;

;

(. Study skills, . 94);

(, , );

: , , , , , , -;

.

, , (, 1993, . 284), , , , , , .

. . , , , . (Corpus of the English Language).

. , , .

 

Ordering / Sequencing

 

, (, , , . .), , .

, . . , - (. Consciousness-raising approach, . 57) (. Data-driven learning, . 59), , , .

(. Communicative method, . 48) , .

. (. Integrated approach, . 37), : . , , , .

 

Grading

 

() , . (. Syllabus, . 68) (. Ordering, . 78).

(natural order) (lock-step grading). , , . , .

, . , , . Present Continuous, , to be .

, . , , , , . , .

 

2.3. Approaches to syllabus design

 

pproach to syllabus design

 

. ( ) , , , .

, (. Type of syllabus, . 82). , . (. Analytic approach, . 80; Synthetic approach, . 80), - (. Functional approach, . 81) (. Functional syllabus, . 85).

 

Synthetic approach

 

. , (. Product-oriented approach, . 33) . (. Deductive approach, . 34).

, , , , , , . , , .

, , , , . (. Structural syllabus, . 86) - (. Functional syllabus, . 85) (White 1988; Hutchinson and Waters 1993; Nunan 1994).

 

Analytic approach

 

. (. Process-oriented approach, . 34), . , , .

, . (. Deductive approach vs. Inductive approach, . 34). , , .

(chunks) , . , , , , , , .

, , , (function) (notion), . (. Content-based syllabus, . 84) , (. Task-based syllabus, . 86).

 





:


: 2016-11-18; !; : 921 |


:

:

, , .
==> ...

1845 - | 1489 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.023 .