.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


Bottom-up reading, bottom-up listening




 

( ) (. Top-down reading, top-down listening, . 92; Receptive skills, . 91). , , , . , , , . , , , . , .

 

Productive skills

 

() (speaking) (writing) . , , ( 1985/ . 82).

. - . ( ), ( ). , . , .

 

Background knowledge

 

, ( ), ( ). , , , , . () (). . (socio-linguistic competence) . (sociocultural competence) , , , .

, , - , , , .

.: 1988; 1989; 1997.

 

Study skills

 

( ), , . , , , . , , , . - , , , .

. :

;

;

;

: , , , , , , ;

;

: , (mnemonic techniques);

;

: , , , , (reference skills);

, (examination skills). .: Matthewn et al. 1991; Jordan 1997; 1991; 1995.

 

3.2. Teaching reading skills

 

Reading

 

, . , .

, , , , , . , . , (interactive reading: Grabe 1991; Alderson and Urquhart 1992; Carrell et al. 1993). , (. Receptive skills, . 91).

, .

, , (analytical reading) (global reading), (reading aloud, oral reading) (silent reading).

. (class reading) (home reading); (individual reading) (groupreading, chorus reading).

, , - . (. Guided reading, . 96) (. Communicative reading, . 98).

, , . , . (reading strategy), .

.: Silberstein 1987; 1994; , 1991; 1991.

 

Guided reading

 

, , , , :

(visual perception) (recognition);

(grapheme-morpho-phoneme correspondences);

, (anticipation / prediction / forward inferencing);

(segmentation / chunking), (grouping) (context cues);

(guessing / inferring from context).

, - - .

:

(intensive reading) (extensive reading);

; ; ;

.

. , , , , .

intensive reading extensive reading . : , . . , - , . , (. Intensive reading, . 97; Extensive reading, . 97).

, ( 1973, . 86; 1989, . 195; , 1993). .

 

Intensive reading

 

, , , (. Guided reading, . 96). , . . . , , - ; , ( 1985, . 138).

(text-based activities), - , .

.: Nuttall 1982, pp. 23, 32; Matthewn et al. 1991; Grellet 1992, p. 4; Carrell and Carson 1997; 1986, . 91; 1987.

 

Extensive reading

 

, , (. Guided reading, . 96). , , , . , , , . , - ( , , , ) .

.: Nuttal 1982; Greenwood 1992; Grellet 1992; Carrell and Carson 1997.

 





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