( ) (. Top-down reading, top-down listening, . 92; Receptive skills, . 91). , , , . , , , . , , , . , .
Productive skills
() (speaking) (writing) . , , ( 1985/ . 82).
. - . ( ), ( ). , . , .
Background knowledge
, ( ), ( ). , , , , . () (). . (socio-linguistic competence) . (sociocultural competence) , , , .
|
|
, , - , , , .
.: 1988; 1989; 1997.
Study skills
( ), , . , , , . , , , . - , , , .
. :
;
;
;
: , , , , , , ;
;
: , (mnemonic techniques);
;
: , , , , (reference skills);
, (examination skills). .: Matthewn et al. 1991; Jordan 1997; 1991; 1995.
3.2. Teaching reading skills
Reading
, . , .
, , , , , . , . , (interactive reading: Grabe 1991; Alderson and Urquhart 1992; Carrell et al. 1993). , (. Receptive skills, . 91).
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, .
, , (analytical reading) (global reading), (reading aloud, oral reading) (silent reading).
. (class reading) (home reading); (individual reading) (groupreading, chorus reading).
, , - . (. Guided reading, . 96) (. Communicative reading, . 98).
, , . , . (reading strategy), .
.: Silberstein 1987; 1994; , 1991; 1991.
Guided reading
, , , , :
(visual perception) (recognition);
(grapheme-morpho-phoneme correspondences);
, (anticipation / prediction / forward inferencing);
(segmentation / chunking), (grouping) (context cues);
(guessing / inferring from context).
, - - .
:
(intensive reading) (extensive reading);
; ; ;
.
. , , , , .
intensive reading extensive reading . : , . . , - , . , (. Intensive reading, . 97; Extensive reading, . 97).
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, ( 1973, . 86; 1989, . 195; , 1993). .
Intensive reading
, , , (. Guided reading, . 96). , . . . , , - ; , ( 1985, . 138).
(text-based activities), - , .
.: Nuttall 1982, pp. 23, 32; Matthewn et al. 1991; Grellet 1992, p. 4; Carrell and Carson 1997; 1986, . 91; 1987.
Extensive reading
, , (. Guided reading, . 96). , , , . , , , . , - ( , , , ) .
.: Nuttal 1982; Greenwood 1992; Grellet 1992; Carrell and Carson 1997.