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Structural approach / Grammatical approach




 

, , . , , , .

, , , , . , , . , , , (fluency), (accuracy). , , .

, . , , , , . , , - . : , , , . , , , , .

, , . , , . . , , , , , .

. , , . , , , .

1960-70- , , , , , . .

, () (fringe methods) , , , . , , . (. Total physical response, . 53), (. The silent way, . 52), (. Community language learning, . 49), - (. Suggestopedia, . 50).

. , , , , , . , , .

, (discourse analysis) (. Communicative approach, . 29), . , , , . , , .

: , - , (. Task-based learning, . 61), -.

, , . , . . , , , .

. , , , - (Howatt 1997, . 264).

, , .

.

 

1.1. General concepts

 

Approach

 

, .

/ . , : , .

. , . (. Structural approach, . 35), (individualised learning) (. Integrated approach, . 37); . , approach , learning approach .

. , . , , : , (. Behaviourism, . 24), (. Cognitivism, . 25).

(. Humanistic approach, . 28) (social constructivist approach), (Williams and Burden 1997). , , , () , , , , .

, , - , , , , (. Communicative approach, . 29).

 

Method

 

, . , . , . , , .

: , , . , .

. . (Richards and Rodgers 1991) : , (approach), (design) (procedure). , method -' , , , , .

, (, , , ) , , , , (. Principle, . 23).

, , . , (. Total physical response, . 53) , . (. The silent way, . 52) , , , , . (. Community language learning, . 49) () , .

. , (. Approach, . 20) , . , , . , , , (. Structural approach, . 35), , (. Product-oriented approach, . 33) (teacher-centred approach). , , , .

, , , . . , , , , , . (. Natural approach, . 45), (. Natural method, . 45) (. Task-based learning, . 61) .

- (Wilkins 1975, . 56; Prabhu 1990; Richards 1994a, . 42) , , , , , , .

 

Principle

 

, , . , , .

, , , , , , .

, :

(cognitive principles): (automaticity); (intrinsic motivation principle); (strategic investment principle) , , , . . ;

- (affective principles): ߻ (language ego), , ߻, , , . .; (language-culture connection). , (self-confidence, self-esteem), (risk-taking);

(linguistic principles): (native language effect); (interlanguage , ; , ); (communicative competence) (Brown 1994b, pp. 15-30). , . , . , , , .

, ; : , , , , , . . : , , , , , , , . , (. Consciousness-raising approach, . 57; Integrated approach, . 37).

 

1.2. Language teaching approaches

 

Behaviourism / Behaviourist approach

 

, . . , . , , .

(operants), , , , . (reinforcement).

, (operant conditioning), , . , . , , , , .

, :

, ;

, ;

;

, (Williams and Burden 1997, pp. 9-10).

, , . , , , , .

, , . , , , , . , , .

: (. Audiolingualism, . 41), (. Audiovisual method, . 42), (. Situational language teaching, . 43).

 

Cognitivism / Cognitive approach

 

1. , (social constructivist approach), , .

- , . :

. , , , ; , , ;

. , : (. Deductive approach vs. Inductive approach, . 34);

. - , , , ; - , , ;

, , (overgeneralization), (undergeneralization). , , (: / can to...); .

, , (cognitive style). , . :

(field independence) ; (field dependence) , ;

(left- and right-brain functioning): , , ; , , , ;

(ambiguity tolerance) , , , , , ;

(reflectivity) (impulsivity): , , ; , , ;

(visual style, auditory style): , , , ; (Brown 1994a, pp. 104113).

: (risk-taking), ; (self-esteem), ; , , (anxiety) , ; (empathy), , , , , , - .

, , , . , , (learning style) (learning strategies).

, , , , .

2. , . , . . (Rivers 1989). , , . , .

:

. (, , ) . , .

, .

, , , , . , .

.

, - (. Grammar-translation method, . 38), - (. Consciousness-raising approach, . 57), (. Data-driven learning, . 59).

(. Communicative approach, . 29) ; , .

, , :

;

;

, , , ;

, , (, , . .);

, ;

, / , , , .

. . , - (. Communicative method, . 48; Communicative approach, . 29).

 

Humanistic approach

 

; , , , , . (Stevick 1991, pp. 28-29).

:

, , .

, , , .

: , , , , .

, , (empathy), , , .

, , . , , .

"" , , , .

(. The silent way, . 52), (. Community language learning, . 49) . , (Brumfit 1982; Arnold 1998; Gadd 1998).

 

Communicative approach

 

1970- (communication). - , , (interaction) . , , . , , , , . , .

(competence) . (performance). , (communicative competence), , , , . ; .

(Sheils 1993, pp. 1-2; 1995, . 1-2):

(linguistic competence) , ;

(sociolinguistic competence) , , , ;

(discourse competence) , , (, , . .); ;

(strategic competence) (), , ; , , , ;

(sociocultural competence) , , , , ; ;

(social competence) , , , , .

, , ( ) . (functions), (, , , , , . .).

(Brumfit and Johnson 1979; Morrow 1981; Widdowson 1990a, 1990b; Brumfit 1992; Littlewood 1994; Rossner and Bolitho 1995; Nunan 1998; 1991 .) :

; ;

, ;

: , , , , (, , . .);

: , ;

(. Authentic materials, . 167), , , , , ;

, , , ( );

, -- , , (cognitive style) (learning strategies) , .

, -, (. Communicative method, . 48).

 

Learner-centred approach

 

- (-) , , , . , . :

, , , , ;

, ;

, ;

, - ;

, ;

: , , , ;

.

, (Oxford 1990; O'Malley and Chamot 1995).

(learning strategies) , , , . , , , . , (cognitive style).

. 62 , : (direct learning strategies) (indirect learning strategies).

:

, (memory strategies): , , , , , . ;

(cognitive strategies): , , . .;

(compensation strategies): , , , , (avoidance strategies).

:

(metacognitive strategies): , , , . .;

, , (affective strategies): , , , . .;

(social strategies): , , , .

- . (learner autonomy) (learner independence) , - , , , . , - .

, (teacher-centred approach), , , , , , . , , , (nominating), .

- . , .

 

Whole language approach / Gestalt style / Global learning / Holistic approach / Top-down approach

 

, -, , -, .

, . . . , , , . , , . , .

, , (atomistic approach), (analytic style) (bottom-up approach).

, (. Process-oriented approach, . 34). (. Analytic approach, . 80), .

, , (. , Product-oriented approach) (. Synthetic approach, . 80). .

 

Product-oriented approach

 

, , , , , .

, (, , , ) - , , . ., , .

, , . (, , . .), (. Product-oriented writing, . 116). (. Synthetic approach, . 80), , (. Process objectives us. Product objectives, . 76).

 

Process-oriented approach

 

, , .

. , . , , , . . , (. Process-oriented writing, . 117). (. Analytic approach, . 80), (. Process objectives vs. Product objectives, . 76).

 

Deductive approach vs. Inductive approach

 

. , , . , , , .

. , - , , . , , . , , , , , .

(Gollin 1998), , ( ), , ( ).

(natural approach), , (formal, cognitive-based). , , .

. , , , , : , (Rivers 1989, . 95). , , .

. , , , . , , , , . , , , .

, consciousness-raising approach - . (. Data-driven learning, . 59) (. Computer assisted language learning, . 55).

 

Structural approach / Grammatical approach

 

(. Behaviourism, . 24). - (structures), . : I have a family, Could you open the door. , . , , . .

, . , , : ( ) .

, . <...> , , ( 1978, . 45-46), : The book is on the desk. The book isn't on the chair. Is the book on the desk? Yes, it is. (No, it isn't.) Is the book on the desk or on the chair? The book is on the desk. Where is the book? It's on the desk.

, - - , .

. , , , . , , .

, , -, . , .

 

Lexical approach

 

, .

, . , :

In England people may drink coffee and drive cars, but in English they typically do not, as the following examples reveal:

1. Would you like a cup of coffee?

No, thanks. I've already had (not drunk) one.

2. How did you come this morning?

I drove (or I brought the car; not / drove the car) (Lewis 1996a, p. 25).

.

, .

, , (chunks), .

, .

, (collocations) .

(computational linguistics) , (. Lexical syllabus, . 85).

.

( presentation, practice, production), ( observe, hypothesise, experiment).

, (Lewis 1993, pp. vivii).

00 , , , . , .

 

Eclecticism

 

, , , , , , . .

, . , . , , , . - (. Communicative approach, . 29) , , .

, , , , , - , , . , .

 

Integrated approach

 

, , .

integrated approach , . ; , , ( ) ( ) ( ); . Integrated skills, . 91.

, , : , , . , , .

 

Comprehension approach

 

, .

:

, - .

, .





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