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Situational language teaching (SLT) / The oral approach




 

() (. Direct method, . 39) . 1930- , X. , . - . , . , -- .

:

. , 2000 , . 50-

() . , , (. Structural approach, . 35), , , . , , Streamline English (Hartley and Viney), 1979 .

, , .

, .

 

Natural method

 

(. Direct method, . 39); XIX . .

.

, , () .

- ; .

. .

, , . , , , (. Natural approach, . 45), (. Community language learning, . 49) .

 

Natural approach

 

, 1980- . . (Krashen and Terrell 1983) . , , , . , , .

(acquisition) (. Learning, . 157) (. Teaching, . 155). , , , (language exposure) , .

-, . .

Acquisitionlearning hypothesis . , , . , . , , , , , , .

Natural order hypothesis . () , , , . . , .

Monitor hypothesis . . , , . : 1) monitor under-users , ; 2) monitor overusers , ; 3) optimal monitor users , , .

Comprehensible input hypothesis () , ( , ). , , i + 1, i , 1 , . , , .

Affective filter hypothesis , , . , , , (comprehensible input), , .

, , . ( ) i + 1, 1, i .

. , i + 1 , . , , , .

:

, , . , - .

, . , , , .

, , .

, .

: (comprehension / preproduction), (early speech production), (speech emergence). , , - , , , , . . , , , , .

, , , 500 . , - , , - .

, , , .

, :

, , .

, .

. (communicative competence), , .

, , , , .

, .

 

Communicative method / Communicative language teaching (CLT)

 

(. Communicative approach, . 29), - , .

: . , , . , (. Task, . 123). , , .

, , , , .

, , (accuracy), (fluency). - , , , , . , , , , , .

 

1.4. Fringe / alternative methods ()

 

Community language learning (CLL) / Counselling learning

 

( ) . . (counselling psychology), , -, , . , - .

:

. .

-, , . , , . , , . , .

, , . , , , .

, - , .

: , , , . . - . , , . , , , , . -, , , .

, . , , .

, . , , .

 

Suggestopedia / Lozanov method

 

( ) , . 1960- - . .

, , , , . , , . .

, , :

(authority). . , ( , , , .), , .

(infantilization). , , (, 1993, . 83). , , .

(double-planedness). , , , , , . , , , , , - . , - .

(intonation), (rhythm) (concert pseudo-passiveness). , , . . . , , , - , ( ) , , .

, ( ), (.. ), (.. ), . - .

. , .. , .

- (. Learner-centred approach, . 31) , , . .. , , , ( 1986, . 7). : ;

- ;

;

; (, 1993, . 121-122).

, .

, , , .

, , . .

 

The silent way

 

( ) (. Structural approach, . 35) (. Humanistic approach, . 28). . (Gattegno 1972), .

, , , . , , , .

:

, .

. -. .

: 1) , , , ..; 2) , , , , , ; 3) (, , . .).

, , . , -, , . , , , . .

, , , , . , .

, , .

, , , . : , , , . . (cuisenaire rods), . , . , , . (fidel charts), , .

, , . , , .

.

 

Total physical response (TPR)

 

. , , , . (. Natural method, . 45), , , .

, . , , .

, , , , , , , , (. Comprehension approach, . 38).

:

- . , . . . -, . 120 . . , , , . , . , , .

(. Structural syllabus, . 86); , .

(. Deductive approach vs. Inductive approach, . 34). , . . , . , . , .

: . , . .

(. Drill, . 135). (. Role play, . 148) , , . , . . (. Humanistic approach, . 28), , , , , , . . , . , , , , .

. , , . : , - . , , , , .

 

1.5. New developments in language teaching

 

Computer assisted language learning (CALL)

 

- .

, , . , , , .

, 196070- , (. Drill, . 135). 70- . (artificial intellect AI) . - .

:

, , , , ;

, , : , , . .;

, ;

, ;

, (Brown 1994b, p. 153).

, . , .. .

. (Story Board). (. Reconstruction, . 132), , , . . , , , , . .

, .

, . , . , .

, , , , .

:

, .

. , . , , , .

. , , - .

, .

:

, , , . , . , .

. , , .

, , . . , .

, , .

, , , , , .

 

Consciousness-raising approach (CRA)

 

- . : .

(universal grammar), ; , . , .

- , , , , .

- 1980- , .

- (Rutherford and Smith 1988).

(. Learning, . 157) (acquisition) : .

. , , , , .

(. Direct method, . 39) , .

- , - . . , .

:

, ;

, , ;

, , ;

( 1975, . 84).

; ( ) (, ) ; .. , .

, , .

- :

, , , , .

, , ; , (input) (intake) (output).

, . , . , .

, . , .

, , , . , . , , (. Consciousness-raising activities, . 134).

, , , .

- , , . , .

, . : , , . .

, (Rutheford and Smith 1988, p. 114). , .

 

Data-driven learning (DDL)

 

, , . , , , (. Deductive approach vs. Inductive approach, . 34).

, , (Corpus of the English Language). (Sinclair 1991). , , , : (Business English), (English for medical students), (English of finance) . .

. , , , . , , , (. Consciousness-raising approach, . 57).

, , , . , COBUILD (Collins Birmingham University International Language Database) . Look Up, (concordance). , , (concordance line): , . , , .

, . :

if this were a personal test between himself

time for him to respond he contented himself

learns to see you as the expert and himself

he should continue preaching or give himself

Twinkletoes just likes to hear himself

sent him, and worked out for himself

shore, waiting for Machado to commit himself

and shattered. He braced himself

Paul affirmed that Christ himself

and the vicissitudes of the planet with a few apologetic mumblings as helpless. It's hard to be entirely to prayer (one senses talk & Debi giggled. Let's face an understanding of the Cayce to one of the available river as best he could and kicked with was the appointed representative

, . , , , .

, (. Computer assisted language learning, . 55).

, , . , , . - . .

 

Task-based learning (TBL)

 

. (. Task, . 123), , , , , , . , , , . . : , , , , , , . .

, , , , , .

, , . , , , (. Task-based syllabus, . 86).

, , . , , , , (. Learner-centred approach, . 31). , , . , , , . () (Prabhu 1992a, pp. 1-2).

, . , . , , (Swan 1996, . 34).

, (Skehan 1994). . (Willis 1996a, . 53) , , , :

1. Pre-task.

2. Task cycle:

Task,

Planning,

Report.

3. Language focus:

Analysis,

Practice. , , , .

 

2. Syllabus design and curriculum development

 

 

, , , , , .

, , , , , , , .

, , , : (syllabus), (curriculum), (aims), (objectives), (content). , , , . . , .

National Curriculum . , . , , , syllabus - .

, , .

, , , .

, , . - , , .

, , , , . , , , Syllabus Design , , , - (syllabus designers).

, , , , , .

. . (study skills). , . , , .

. , , , , . , , , , . , , .

, , , , , .

.

 

2.1. General concepts

 

Curriculum

 

1. , , , , , , (, 1993, . 326). , . (. National Curriculum, . 66) : , , , , ..

, (. Course, . 67) . , , , , , . Second Language Acquisition ( ), Syllabus and Materials Design ( ), Discourse Analysis (, ), Pedagogic Grammar ( ) .

, , , , .

2. , , ( ). (attainment targets), .

. , . :

, ;

(





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