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() . , , (. Structural approach, . 35), , , . , , Streamline English (Hartley and Viney), 1979 .
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Natural method
(. Direct method, . 39); XIX . .
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Natural approach
, 1980- . . (Krashen and Terrell 1983) . , , , . , , .
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-, . .
Acquisitionlearning hypothesis . , , . , . , , , , , , .
Natural order hypothesis . () , , , . . , .
Monitor hypothesis . . , , . : 1) monitor under-users , ; 2) monitor overusers , ; 3) optimal monitor users , , .
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Communicative method / Communicative language teaching (CLT)
(. Communicative approach, . 29), - , .
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, , (accuracy), (fluency). - , , , , . , , , , , .
1.4. Fringe / alternative methods ()
Community language learning (CLL) / Counselling learning
( ) . . (counselling psychology), , -, , . , - .
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Suggestopedia / Lozanov method
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The silent way
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Total physical response (TPR)
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1.5. New developments in language teaching
Computer assisted language learning (CALL)
- .
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, 196070- , (. Drill, . 135). 70- . (artificial intellect AI) . - .
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Consciousness-raising approach (CRA)
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- (Rutherford and Smith 1988).
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Data-driven learning (DDL)
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. , , , . , , , (. Consciousness-raising approach, . 57).
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, . :
if this were a personal test between himself
time for him to respond he contented himself
learns to see you as the expert and himself
he should continue preaching or give himself
Twinkletoes just likes to hear himself
sent him, and worked out for himself
shore, waiting for Machado to commit himself
and shattered. He braced himself
Paul affirmed that Christ himself
and the vicissitudes of the planet with a few apologetic mumblings as helpless. It's hard to be entirely to prayer (one senses talk & Debi giggled. Let's face an understanding of the Cayce to one of the available river as best he could and kicked with was the appointed representative
, . , , , .
, (. Computer assisted language learning, . 55).
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Task-based learning (TBL)
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, , , , , .
, , . , , , (. Task-based syllabus, . 86).
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, . , . , , (Swan 1996, . 34).
, (Skehan 1994). . (Willis 1996a, . 53) , , , :
1. Pre-task.
2. Task cycle:
Task,
Planning,
Report.
3. Language focus:
Analysis,
Practice. , , , .
2. Syllabus design and curriculum development
, , , , , .
, , , , , , , .
, , , : (syllabus), (curriculum), (aims), (objectives), (content). , , , . . , .
National Curriculum . , . , , , syllabus - .
, , .
, , , .
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, , , , . , , , Syllabus Design , , , - (syllabus designers).
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.
2.1. General concepts
Curriculum
1. , , , , , , (, 1993, . 326). , . (. National Curriculum, . 66) : , , , , ..
, (. Course, . 67) . , , , , , . Second Language Acquisition ( ), Syllabus and Materials Design ( ), Discourse Analysis (, ), Pedagogic Grammar ( ) .
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2. , , ( ). (attainment targets), .
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(